Ch. 11 (Assessment)

Bryce is working on reading fluency as he reads out loud to his teacher. The sentence on the page reads, “The dog hopped over the fence.” When Bryce reads aloud, he says, “The hopped dog over the fence.” Which of the following terms describes Bryce’s error?

• Substitution

• Hesitation

• Inversion

• Repetition

Answer explanation

In an inversion, the student changes the order of words appearing in a sentence. Here, Bryce inverted the words “dog” and “hopped.”

Alena is working with her teacher as they read aloud a text. The text reads, “The yellow cat loved to drink milk before bed.” Reading aloud, Alena said, “The cat loved to drink milk before bed.” Which of the following terms describes Alena’s error?

• Insertion

• Omission

• Substitution

• Inversion

Answer explanation

Omissions occur when the student skips individual words or groups of words. Alena skipped the word “yellow” in this sentence.

Dr. Donahue is working with Daniel and assessing his reading fluency. Dr. Donahue is keeping a running record, marking the number of errors Daniel makes while reading a passage aloud. Which of the following describes the manner in which Dr. Donahue is analyzing miscues?

• Quantitative

• Qualitative

• Mixed Methods

• Holistic

Answer explanation

The “quantitative” approach to investing seeks to pay attention to the numbers instead of the intangibles. After all, numbers can be analyzed. With this type of miscue analysis, the evaluator counts the number of reading errors made by the student.

Cristina’s class is reading an informational text about the history of the sport of baseball. When they finish, she engages her class in discussion by asking them questions such as, “Who invented baseball?” and “When was baseball invented?” What type of comprehension is Cristina checking for?

• Inferential comprehension

• Listening comprehension

• Literal comprehension

• Critical comprehension

Answer explanation

In literal comprehension, the student reads the paragraph or story and is then asked questions based on it. It answers the questions Who, What, When, and Where with information found directly in the text.

In critical comprehension, the student reads a paragraph or story and then analyzes, evaluates, or makes judgments about what he or she has read. Cristina is not asking her students to make judgments, but rather recall facts.

Samuel is a kindergarten student who is just learning to write his name. Which of the following vocabulary words best describes this type of writing?

• Cursive

• Script

• Manuscript

• Letter Recognition

Answer explanation

Manuscript is also called “print.” In this case, Samuel is learning to print his name.

Junella is a first-grade student who is extending her handwriting skills as she progresses through the year. Which of the following describes the most likely type of assessment used to assess her handwriting?

• Informal assessment

• Behavioral assessment

• Norm-referenced measures

• Intelligence tests

Answer explanation

Handwriting skills are usually measured through the use of informal assessment measures such as portfolio assessments, rating scales, observation measures, or error analysis, rather than norm-referenced measures.

In his writing, Manuel, a fourth-grade student, often writes “s h” for words that should be spelled with a “c h.” Which of the following best describes this error?

• Auditory substitution problem

• Auditory discrimination problem

• Auditory acuity problem

• Auditory-visual association concerns

Answer explanation

Auditory substitution problems occur when a child substitutes one sound for a different sound with consistency.

Bonita is a second-grade student who has a consistent issue with misspelling certain words. For example, she regularly spells the word “the” as “teh” or “hte.” Which of the following visual channel deficits may be to blame for this error?

• Visual memory problems

• Visual discrimination problems

• Visual memory sequence

• Visual memory

Answer explanation

Visual memory sequence involves the child giving the correct letters but in the wrong sequence, for example, writes the word the as teh or hte.

Kyle is a fifth-grade student with a specific learning disability in mathematics. He still struggles with counting successive numbers from 100 to 200. Which of the following classifications of mathematical abilities best describe Kyle’s issue?

• Operations

• Content

• Applications

• Numeration

Answer explanation

Operations consist of counting, computation, and reasoning.

Content consists of numeration, fractions, geometry, and algebra.

Applications consist of measurement, reading graphs and tables, money and budgeting time, and problem solving.

Numeration is a form of content.

Gerald is a tenth-grade student who is struggling to understand how to construct a proof in his geometry class. Which of the following classifications of mathematical abilities best describe Gerald’s issue?

• Operations

• Content

• Applications

• Numeration

Answer explanation

Operations consist of counting, computation, and reasoning.

Content consists of numeration, fractions, geometry, and algebra.

Applications consist of measurement, reading graphs and tables, money and budgeting time, and problem solving.

Numeration is a form of content.