Feudalism and Nation-States in Europe

What were the characteristics of feudalism in Europe in the Middle Ages?

How did nation-states develop in Europe?

Why did power shift between groups in the Middle Ages?

What was culture like in the Middle Ages?

How did calamities of the late Middle Ages shape modern Europe?

How did Germanic kingdoms develop in Europe?

Why did the Roman Catholic Church become powerful in the early Middle Ages?

How did Charlemagne influence the political and intellectual development of Europe?

What events contributed to the rise of feudalism?

In what ways did lords control the lives of peasants?