Carbohydrates and Their Metabolism

What is the typical ratio of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen atoms in carbohydrates?

• 1:1:1

• 2:2:1

• 1:2:1

• 2:1:2

Which of the following is a base unit of carbohydrates?

• Disaccharide

• Oligosaccharide

• Polysaccharide

• Monosaccharide

What type of linkage bonds the monomers in glycogen and starch?

• Beta-linkages

• Gamma-linkages

• Alpha-linkages

• Delta-linkages

Which enzyme is responsible for breaking down starch in the human body?

• Maltase

• Amylase

• Sucrase

• Lactase

What is the primary role of dietary fibers in the human diet?

• Supply energy

• Slow digestion and add bulk to stool

• Increase blood glucose levels

• Enhance protein absorption

What is the first step in the energy production from glucose?

• Glycolysis

• Citric acid cycle

• Electron transport chain

• Gluconeogenesis

In the absence of oxygen, what is pyruvate converted into during glycolysis?

• Fructose

• Lactate

• Acetyl-CoA

• Glucose

What process allows the synthesis of new glucose when blood sugar is low?

• Fermentation

• Photosynthesis

• Gluconeogenesis

• Glycolysis

How does fructose metabolism differ from glucose metabolism?

• Fructose is stored as glycogen

• Fructose is regulated by insulin

• Fructose bypasses several regulatory steps

• Fructose is converted directly to glucose

What happens to acetyl-CoA when it is present in excess?

• It is stored as glycogen

• It is converted into fatty acids

• It is converted into glucose

• It is used in glycolysis