HBES 3303 Final Exam Questions

What is the name if Fishman's famous empirically derived linguistic model which lists eight stages of the relative strength of a regional or minority language in competition with other more dominant language, or languages, for survival?

• Graded Intergenerational Disruption Scale

• Graded International Disruption Scale

• Graded Intergenerational Disadvantaged scale

According to Thomas Ricento, there had been a consensus that a "major" language should be used for formal and specialized domains while local language could serve other functions. From where, according to this consensus, should the "major" language come?

• Europe

• Asia

• Africa

Why did linguistic scholars, beginning in the 1970 and through the 1990's, question the assumptions of the early work in linguistic policies, which were focused generally on descriptive elements and grammar?

• Because later scholars assumed that language played a role in reproducing social inequity

• Because later scholars assumed that language could only be learned formally in schools

• Because later scholars assumed that language was naturally learn when reproduced widely.

What approach to language research was rejected by the critical epistemological linguists from 1980s onward?

• Positive approach

• Neutralistic approach

• Negativistic approach

What term does Philipson (2003) use to characterise how the languages of current and former empires - principally those of the US, England, and France - have been promoted in former colonies through a process of economic, political, social, cultural, and educational domination and exploitation?

• Linguistic imperialism

• Linguistic colonialism

• Linguistic Domination

What is the crux of Elana Shohamy's argument on language in her take on language policy?

• Language is individual, personal, and interactive

• Language is individual, planned and superintended

• Language is individual, planned, and interactive

Individuals can make choices about the intonation, speed, syntax, length of sentence and so on when they speak. What is an implication of this fact?

• Individuals can use language to exercise freedom of expression

• Individuals can use language to exercise grammar and invention

• Individuals can use language to exercise lexical diversion

According to Elana Shohamy, there is no convincing evidence that English will take over and dominate other languages. Why does she think so?

• Because the use of English language is always context-dependant

• Because the use of English language is rejected by people in different contexts

• Because the use of English language is only popular in educational contexts

What term does Elana Shohamy use in referring to the act of using language not only in linguistics terms but also in multimodal and nonverbal terms?

• Languaging

• Engaging

• Signing

Which of the following statements represents Elana Shohamy's position on expanding language?

• Language should be used by individuals as their expression of freedom, as long as they do not cause harm to others

• Language should be used by individuals as their expression of freedom, as long as they abide by the rules of standard English

• Language should be used by individuals as their expression of freedom, as long as they share their talents creatively through literature