Chapter 9 - Section 2

The birth of the study of human relations within business organizations can be traced to

• research conducted by Mayo and Hawthorne.
• Maslow's hierarchy of needs.
• Herzberg's study of hygiene and motivation factors.
• McGregor's Theory X and Theory Y.
• time and motion studies by Frederick W. Taylor and Frank and Lillian Gilbreth.

      According to the classical theory of motivation, which of the following would motivate employees to work hard?

• a long lunch break
• adequate tools and long hours
• financial incentives
• long vacations
• safe working conditions

      Which of the following theories is associated with the piece-rate system?

• the two-factor theory
• the theory of the hierarchy of needs
• the theory of the Hawthorne effect
• Theory X and Theory Y
• the classical theory of motivation

      Becky works in a factory that produces dolls and other toys. To improve productivity, Becky's manager broke down each job into its component tasks, determined the best way to perform each task, and specified the output to be achieved by each worker performing the task. As a result, Becky is expected to add arms and legs to 50 dolls per day. She is paid $2.50 per doll, but if she exceeds 50 dolls in a day, she receives an additional $1.50 per doll. This scenario relates to

• the Hawthorne effect.
• Maslow's hierarchy of needs.
• Herzberg's two-factor theory.
• McGregor's Theory X.
• the classical theory of motivation.

      Vixen works in a soap manufacturing company. He is paid a fixed amount for every unit he manufactures at the factory. He is paid higher rates for exceeding his set target. The payment system in this scenario is an example of the _____ system.

• barter
• piece-rate
• bonus
• over-time
• hourly-payment

      Welcome Home, a real estate company, encourages its realtors to partner and collaborate with each other to find appropriate homes for their clients. To generate partnership and collaboration, this company offers employees

• individual incentives.
• competitive bonuses.
• team incentives.
• intrinsic rewards.
• morale boosters.

      The person primarily associated with the Hawthorne studies is

• Abraham Maslow.
• Douglas McGregor.
• B. F. Skinner.
• Nathaniel Hawthorne.
• Elton Mayo.

      Which of the following is labeled the Hawthorne effect?

• decrease in productivity as work hours increased
• increase in productivity regardless of physical conditions
• decrease in productivity regardless of supervision
• increase in productivity as pay increased
• productivity remaining the same despite increase in efficiency

      The Hawthorne studies were important because they

• revealed the significance of social and psychological factors.
• confirmed that financial incentives were key to motivation.
• showed that workers should control the workplace.
• used fear as a motivator.
• dealt with self-actualization needs.

      Larissa worked at the Hawthorne Works Plant of the Western Electric Company in 1924, when Elton Mayo and his team started their research on workplace conditions and productivity. Throughout the study, as Mayo and his team introduced various physical conditions, Larissa's productivity increased. When the researchers asked her about her behavior, she expressed

• confusion because she thought her productivity had decreased.
• satisfaction because her supervisor had asked for her help and cooperation in the study.
• frustration because it was difficult to remain productive under the various physical conditions.
• appreciation because they were paying her for her participation.
• concern that they were planning to introduce worse physical conditions.