Biology SOL Unit 2.5 - Biotechnology

What does the Human Genome compile?

• All genetic information of a species

• All genetic information of an individual

• All genetic information of a population

• All genetic information of a cell

Answer explanation

The Human Genome compiles all genetic information of an individual, including all genes and non-coding sequences, which distinguishes it from the genetic information of a species, population, or cell.

What is the purpose of introducing mutations in breeding?

• To decrease genetic variation

• To create new alleles and enhance diversity

• To eliminate genetic disorders

• To stabilize genetic traits

Answer explanation

Introducing mutations in breeding aims to create new alleles, which enhances genetic diversity. This diversity is crucial for adaptation and resilience in populations, making it the correct choice.

Tags

NGSS.HS-LS3-2

Which type of mutation alters a single amino acid in the polypeptide chain?

• Nonsense mutation

• Silent mutation

• Missense mutation

• Frameshift mutation

Answer explanation

A missense mutation changes one amino acid in the polypeptide chain, potentially altering protein function. In contrast, nonsense mutations create a stop codon, silent mutations do not change the amino acid, and frameshift mutations shift the reading frame.

Tags

NGSS.HS-LS3-2

What is an example of a disease caused by a nonsense mutation?

• Sickle cell anemia

• Cystic fibrosis

• Hemophilia

• Down syndrome

Answer explanation

Cystic fibrosis is caused by a nonsense mutation in the CFTR gene, leading to a premature stop codon and resulting in a nonfunctional protein. This is distinct from the other options, which are caused by different types of mutations.

Tags

NGSS.HS-LS3-2

What does phytoremediation use to purify soils?

• Genetically engineered microorganisms

• Natural bacteria

• Chemical fertilizers

• Organic matter

Answer explanation

Phytoremediation uses genetically engineered microorganisms to purify soils by breaking down pollutants and contaminants, making it an effective bioremediation strategy.

Match the following products with their respective biotechnology industry examples.

• Eco-friendly clothing made from natural fibers

• Biodegradable Garments

• Crops engineered for pest resistance

• Genetically Modified Crops

• Treatments using regenerative cells

• Stem Cell Therapies

Tags

NGSS.HS-LS3-2

What is the role of selective breeding in agriculture biotechnology?

• To create new species

• To produce healthier, bigger livestock and crops

• To eliminate genetic diversity

• To reduce agricultural efficiency

Answer explanation

Selective breeding in agricultural biotechnology aims to produce healthier, bigger livestock and crops by choosing specific traits. This enhances productivity and quality, making it a key practice in modern agriculture.

Match the following purposes with their corresponding genome-related processes.

• Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR)

• To identify the gender of individuals

• Gel Electrophoresis

• To separate DNA, RNA, or proteins based on size and charge

• Gender Determination

• To amplify specific DNA sequences

• Genome Sequencing

• To determine the order of nucleotides in a genome

What are Restriction Enzymes used for in DNA Cloning?

• To amplify specific DNA sequences

• To cut DNA at specific sequences

• To identify the gender of individuals

• To separate DNA, RNA, or proteins

Answer explanation

Restriction enzymes are used in DNA cloning to cut DNA at specific sequences, allowing for the insertion of DNA fragments into vectors. This precise cutting is essential for successful cloning.

What are Plasmids?

• Large molecules of DNA

• Small circular molecules of DNA in bacteria

• Proteins that separate DNA, RNA, or proteins

• Enzymes that amplify DNA sequences

Answer explanation

Plasmids are small circular molecules of DNA found in bacteria, distinct from the larger chromosomal DNA. They often carry genes that provide advantages, such as antibiotic resistance.