4.7 Emotion

Emotions as universally common

• The concept that certain emotions are experienced by all humans across different cultures.

• Emotions are only experienced in specific cultures and vary widely.

• Emotions are a result of environmental factors and not universal.

• Only certain cultures recognize emotions as a common experience.

Facial-feedback hypothesis

• The theory that facial expressions can influence emotional experiences.

• A theory suggesting that emotions can change facial expressions.

• A hypothesis stating that facial features determine personality traits.

• The idea that smiling can lead to happiness regardless of circumstances.

Physiological and cognitive experiences of emotion

• The physical and mental processes involved in experiencing emotions.

• The ability to recognize and interpret facial expressions.

• The role of neurotransmitters in mood regulation.

• The impact of social interactions on emotional well-being.

Broaden-and-build theory of emotion

• A theory suggesting that positive emotions expand cognition and behavioral tendencies, building personal resources.

• A theory that states negative emotions are more influential than positive ones.

• A theory proposing that emotions have no impact on cognitive processes.

• A theory that suggests emotions are solely biological responses.

Disgust

• A feeling of intense joy and happiness.

• A feeling of revulsion or profound disapproval aroused by something unpleasant or offensive.

• A state of confusion and uncertainty.

• A sense of calm and tranquility.

Surprise

• A feeling of mild astonishment or shock caused by something unexpected.

• A state of being aware of something that is happening.

• An emotion characterized by feelings of joy and excitement.

• A reaction to something that is predictable and expected.

Cognitive appraisal

• The process of evaluating a situation to determine its significance for personal well-being.

• A method of measuring cognitive abilities in psychology.

• The personal interpretation of a situation that influences the emotional response.

• A technique used to enhance memory retention.

Elicitors for emotional expression

• Stimuli or events that trigger the expression of emotions.

• Random thoughts that cause emotional reactions.

• Physical sensations that lead to emotional responses.

• Cognitive processes that interpret emotional experiences.

Fear

• An unpleasant emotion caused by the threat of danger, pain, or harm.

• A state of extreme happiness and joy.

• A feeling of indifference towards danger or risk.

• An overwhelming sense of calm and peace.

Display rules

• Cultural norms that dictate the appropriate expressions of emotions.

• Guidelines for effective communication in a workplace.

• Rules governing the use of technology in classrooms.

• Standards for ethical behavior in social interactions.