A1 Definitions of management and leadership

What is 'Management by objectives'?

• Managers set objectives for employees to achieve business goals, rely on delegation, and give employees some independence to achieve objectives.

• Managers adopt different ways to get employees to do their jobs.

• Leaders who believe employees have to be rewarded in order to work.

• Each manager manages a limited range of activities and uses their knowledge and understanding to direct employees.

What is 'Situational leadership'?

• Employees are followers who may or may not have the ability and willingness to do a job. Managers adopt different ways to get employees to do their jobs.

• Managers set objectives for employees to achieve business goals.

• Leaders who believe their job is to inspire and motivate others to work hard.

• For every job, managers must balance three main management responsibilities.

What is 'Contingency leadership'?

• Managers identify the type of problem and either resolve it themselves or seek employee collaboration. Sometimes managers may need to be autocratic and instruct employees to carry out tasks; at other times they may give employees greater freedom.

• Each manager manages a limited range of activities and uses their knowledge and understanding to direct employees.

• Leaders who believe employees have to be rewarded in order to work.

• Managers set objectives for employees to achieve business goals.

What is 'Functional management'?

• Each manager manages a limited range of activities and uses their knowledge and understanding to direct employees.

• Leaders who believe their job is to inspire and motivate others to work hard.

• Managers set objectives for employees to achieve business goals.

• For every job, managers must balance three main management responsibilities.

What are the three main management responsibilities in 'Action-centred leadership'?

• Achieving the task, Managing the team, Managing individuals

• Setting budgets, Hiring staff, Marketing products

• Developing strategy, Conducting research, Writing reports

• Supervising finances, Scheduling meetings, Approving vacations

What is 'Transformational leadership'?

• Leaders who believe their job is to inspire and motivate others to work hard.

• Managers set objectives for employees to achieve business goals.

• Each manager manages a limited range of activities and uses their knowledge and understanding to direct employees.

• Leaders who believe employees have to be rewarded in order to work.

What is 'Transactional leadership'?

• Leaders who believe employees have to be rewarded in order to work.

• Managers set objectives for employees to achieve business goals.

• Leaders who believe their job is to inspire and motivate others to work hard.

• Each manager manages a limited range of activities and uses their knowledge and understanding to direct employees.

Key differences between a leader and a manager include their focus on motivation, goal achievement, and employee engagement. Which of the following best summarizes these differences?

• A manager ensures systems and processes are in place to achieve goals, while a leader motivates and inspires employees to meet targets.

• A leader focuses only on administrative tasks, while a manager inspires employees.

• A manager is responsible for employee motivation, while a leader sets up processes and systems.

• Both leaders and managers only focus on achieving targets without motivating employees.