Age of Exploration & Enlightenment

A trade route around Africa

The transfer of plants, animals, people, and diseases between the Old and New Worlds after 1492

The triangular slave trade

A peace treaty between Spain and Portugal

Horses, cattle, pigs, and wheat

Potatoes, maize, and tomatoes

Tobacco and chocolate

Corn and chili peppers

Wheat

Potato

Sugarcane

Tobacco

Introduction of horses

Exchange of gold for goods

Disease epidemics killing up to 90% of populations

Increased trade routes

Maize

Wheat

Tobacco

Potatoes

Africans were immune to all diseases

Indigenous populations had declined due to disease

Europeans wanted to spread Christianity

Africans volunteered for plantation work

A trade route through Europe

The brutal sea journey enslaved Africans endured across the Atlantic

A European exploration voyage

A peace treaty with African kingdoms

1–5%

10–20%

40–50%

Over 60%

Africans trading slaves for European firearms, fueling more warfare

Europeans selling guns to end slavery

Africans using guns for protection against slavery

The spread of firearms to the Americas

Only violent revolts

Revolts, escapes, and cultural survival

Complete obedience

The end of slavery in the 1600s