Age of Exploration & Enlightenment

What was the Columbian Exchange?

• A trade route around Africa

• The transfer of plants, animals, people, and diseases between the Old and New Worlds after 1492

• The triangular slave trade

• A peace treaty between Spain and Portugal

Which of the following came from the Old World to the New World?

• Horses, cattle, pigs, and wheat

• Potatoes, maize, and tomatoes

• Tobacco and chocolate

• Corn and chili peppers

Which New World crop greatly increased population growth in Europe?

• Wheat

• Potato

• Sugarcane

• Tobacco

What was one devastating effect of the Columbian Exchange on Indigenous peoples?

• Introduction of horses

• Exchange of gold for goods

• Disease epidemics killing up to 90% of populations

• Increased trade routes

Which of the following is a cash crop?

• Maize

• Wheat

• Tobacco

• Potatoes

Why did Europeans turn to enslaved African labor?

• Africans were immune to all diseases

• Indigenous populations had declined due to disease

• Europeans wanted to spread Christianity

• Africans volunteered for plantation work

What was the Middle Passage?

• A trade route through Europe

• The brutal sea journey enslaved Africans endured across the Atlantic

• A European exploration voyage

• A peace treaty with African kingdoms

What percentage of enslaved Africans died during the Middle Passage?

• 1–5%

• 10–20%

• 40–50%

• Over 60%

The “gun–slave cycle” refers to:

• Africans trading slaves for European firearms, fueling more warfare

• Europeans selling guns to end slavery

• Africans using guns for protection against slavery

• The spread of firearms to the Americas

Slave resistance included:

• Only violent revolts

• Revolts, escapes, and cultural survival

• Complete obedience

• The end of slavery in the 1600s