The video tutorial covers the structure of DNA and RNA, highlighting their differences, such as DNA's double helix and RNA's single helix. It explains DNA replication, where the double helix unzips to form two identical strands. The central dogma of molecular biology is discussed, detailing how DNA transcribes to RNA, which then translates into proteins that determine phenotypes. The video also explores genetic engineering, illustrating how DNA can be transferred between organisms to produce proteins like insulin in bacteria and plants.

What is the primary structural difference between DNA and RNA?

• DNA is made of ribose sugar, RNA is made of deoxyribose sugar

• DNA contains uracil, RNA contains thymine

• DNA is a double helix, RNA is a single helix

• DNA is a single helix, RNA is a double helix

Which sugar is found in the backbone of RNA?

• Deoxyribose

• Ribose

• Glucose

• Fructose

During DNA replication, what is the role of DNA polymerase?

• It unzips the DNA strands

• It adds new nucleotides to the growing DNA strand

• It repairs damaged DNA

• It synthesizes RNA from DNA

What is the leading strand in DNA replication?

• The strand that is synthesized continuously

• The strand that contains uracil

• The strand that is synthesized in fragments

• The strand that is not replicated

What process describes the conversion of DNA into RNA?

• Mutation

• Transcription

• Replication

• Translation

What is the function of a ribosome in protein synthesis?

• To mutate DNA

• To replicate DNA

• To transcribe RNA

• To translate RNA into proteins

How do changes in DNA affect an organism's phenotype?

• They have no effect

• They can alter the physical characteristics

• They only affect the organism's behavior

• They only affect the organism's lifespan

What is an extended phenotype?

• A phenotype that is not influenced by genes

• A phenotype that includes behaviors and structures created by the organism

• A phenotype that is identical in all organisms

• A phenotype that includes only physical traits

What is the significance of plasmids in genetic engineering?

• They are used to replicate DNA

• They are used to transfer genetic material between organisms

• They are used to destroy harmful bacteria

• They are used to synthesize proteins directly

How is insulin commonly produced using genetic engineering?

• By synthesizing it chemically in a lab

• By extracting it from animal pancreases

• By harvesting it from human donors

• By using bacteria with inserted human genes