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WorksheetsAP Unit 7/Gen. Psychology Ch. 7 Cognition
Total questions: 58
Worksheet time: 24mins
Name
Class
Date
1.
The representativeness heuristic can produce faulty estimates if:
a)
We generalize our views to other, nonrepresentativeness heuristics
b)
The representativeness algorithm does not match the representativeness heuristic
c)
Possible variations in the prototype are considered
d)
We fail to consider the approximate number of prototypes that actually exist
2.
Dr. Mendoza is studying the mental strategies people use when solving problems. Dr. Mendoza is clearly a(n):
a)
Cognitive psychologist
b)
Experimental psychologist
c)
Organizational psychologist
d)
Developmental psychologist
3.
A mental grouping of similar things, events or people is called a(n):
a)
Prototype
b)
Concept
c)
Algorithm
d)
Heuristic
4.
The conjunction fallacy is a tendency to:
a)
Draw general conclusions based on
a few isolated cases
b)
Overestimate the odds of a chance
event if that event hasn’t occurred recently
c)
Underestimate the odds of a
chance event if that event hasn’t occurred recently
d)
Believe that the odds of two uncertain events happening together are
greater than the odds of either event happening alone
5.
Confirmation bias refers to the tendency to:
a)
Allow preexisting beliefs to distort logical
reasoning
b)
Cling to one’s initial conceptions after the
basis on which they were formed has been discredited
c)
Search randomly through alternative solutions
when problem solving
d)
Look for information that is
consistent with one’s beliefs
6.
A common problem in everyday reasoning is our tendency to:
a)
Accept as logical those conclusions
that agree with our own opinions
b)
Accept as logical those conclusions that
disagree with our own opinions
c)
Underestimate the accuracy of our knowledge
d)
Accept as logical those conclusions that
involve unfamiliar concepts
7.
Mental sets and functional fixedness are types of:
a)
Algorithms
b)
Heuristics
c)
Fixation
d)
Insight
8.
A strategy in which the likelihood of an event is estimated on the basis of how easily other instances of the event are available in memory is called the:
a)
Availability heuristic
b)
Availability algorithm
c)
Representativeness heuristic
d)
Representativeness algorithm
9.
The term used to describe the mental activities involved in acquiring, retaining, and using knowledge is:
a)
Cognition
b)
Learning
c)
Perception
d)
Sensation
10.
When Janice forgot to pack a pillow for her camping trip she used her down-jacket as a substitute pillow. In this situation Janice:
a)
Was not constrained by functional fixedness
b)
Was constrained by a mental set
c)
Was constrained by functional fixedness
d)
Used an algorithm to solve her problem
11.
A dessert recipe that gives you the ingredients, their amounts and the steps to follow is an example of a(n):
a)
Prototype
b)
Algorithm
c)
Heuristic
d)
Mental set
12.
Which of the following is an example of the use of heuristics?
a)
Trying every possible combination of letters when unscrambling a word
b)
Considering each possible move when playing chess
c)
Using the formula “area=length x width” to find the area of a rectangle
d)
Playing chess using a defensive strategy that has often been successful for you
13.
Stockbrokers often believe that their own expertise will enable them to select stocks that will outperform the market average. This belief best illustrates:
a)
The representativeness heuristic
b)
The framing effect
c)
Overconfidence
d)
Belief perseverance
14.
A prototype is a:
a)
Step-by-step procedure for
solving problems
b)
Mental grouping of similar
objects, events or people
c)
Best example of a
particular category
d)
Simple thinking strategy for
solving problems efficiently
15.
When the word “oat” is changed to the word “boat,” the number of:
a)
Phonemes increases, but
the number of morphemes stays the same
b)
Phonemes and morphemes are both
increased
c)
Phonemes and morphemes both stay
the same
d)
Phonemes stays the same, but the
number of morphemes increases
16.
Rudy is 6 feet tall, weighs 210 pounds, and is very muscular. If you think that Rudy is more likely to be a basketball player than a computer programmer , you are a victim of:
a)
Belief bias
b)
The availability heuristic
c)
A mental set
d)
The representativeness heuristic
17.
A, an and ill are all examples of:
a)
Phonemes
b)
Morphemes
c)
Syntax
d)
Grammar
18.
Airline reservations typically decline after a highly publicized airplane crash because people overestimate the incidence of such disasters. In such instances, people’s decisions are being influenced by:
a)
Belief bias
b)
The availability heuristic
c)
The representativeness heuristic
d)
Functional fixedness
19.
Most people tend to:
a)
Accurately estimate the accuracy of their knowledge and judgments
b)
Underestimate the accuracy of their knowledge and judgments
c)
Overestimate the accuracy of their knowledge and judgments
d)
Lack confidence in their decision-making strategies
20.
With regards to ground beef, consumers respond more positively to an ad describing it as “75 percent lean” than to one referring to its “25 percent fat” content. This is an example of:
a)
The framing effect
b)
Confirmation bias
c)
Mental set
d)
Overconfidence
21.
Which one of the following illustrates belief perseverance?
a)
Your belief remains intact even in
the face of evidence to the contrary
b)
You refuse to listen to arguments counter to
your beliefs
c)
You tend to become flustered and angered when
your beliefs are refuted
d)
You tend to search for information that
supports your beliefs
22.
The rules most directly involved in permitting a person to derive meaning from words and sentences are rules of:
a)
Syntax
b)
Grammar
c)
Phonemic structure
d)
Semantics
23.
The child who says “milk gone” is engaging in ____________. This type of utterance demonstrates that children are actively experimenting with the rules of ____________.
a)
Babbling; syntax
b)
Telegraphic speech; syntax
c)
Babbling; semantics
d)
Telegraphic speech; semantics
24.
Skinner and other behaviorists have argued that language development is the result of:
a)
Imitation
b)
Reinforcement
c)
Association
d)
All of the above
25.
Which of the following is not cited by Chomsky as evidence that language acquisition cannot be explained by learning alone?
a)
Children master the complicated rules of
grammar with ease
b)
Children create sentences that they have
never heard
c)
Children make the kinds of mistakes that
suggest they are attempting to apply the rules of grammar
d)
Children raised in isolation from
language spontaneously begin speaking words
26.
Whorf’s linguistic determination hypothesis states that:
a)
Language is primarily a learned ability
b)
Language is partially an innate ability
c)
The size of a person’s vocabulary reflects
his or her intelligence
d)
Our language shapes our thinking
27.
Researchers taught the chimpanzee Washoe and the gorilla Koko to communicate by using:
a)
Various sounds
b)
Plastic symbols of various shapes and colors
c)
Sign language
d)
All of the above
28.
Any system that encodes, stores and retrieves information
a)
Chunking
b)
Memory
c)
Sensory experience
d)
Rehearsal
29.
Which of the following is NOT one of the 3 memory tasks?
a)
Encoding
b)
Storage
c)
Rehearsal
d)
Retrieval
30.
Preserves brief sensory impression for only a fraction of a second.
a)
Sensory Memory
b)
Working Memory
c)
Short-Term Memory
d)
Long-Term Memory
31.
Preserves recently perceived events or experiences for less than a minute w/o rehearsal.
a)
Sensory memory
b)
Working memory
c)
Long-term memory
32.
Organizing pieces of info into smaller units.
a)
Rehearsal
b)
Chunking
c)
Perserverance
d)
Encoding
33.
Retention of encoded material over time.
a)
Encoding
b)
Storage
c)
Rehearsal
d)
Retrieval
34.
Location and recovery of info from memory
a)
Encoding
b)
Storage
c)
Rehearsal
d)
Retrieval
35.
Holds about 7 items at a time
a)
Short-term memory
b)
Long-term memory
c)
Sensory memory
36.
Information that is reviewed to keep it from fading.
a)
Chunking
b)
Maintenance Rehearsal
c)
Storage
d)
Retrieval
37.
Has unlimited storage capacity
a)
Working memory
b)
Short-term memory
c)
Sensory memory
d)
Long-term memory
38.
Part of LTM that stores memories of how things are done.
a)
Declarative memory
b)
Acoustic memory
Elaborative memory
Elaborative memory
c)
Acoustic memory
d)
Procedural memory
39.
A memory of something that was NOT deliberately learned.
a)
Implicit memory
b)
Explicit memory
c)
Retrieval cues
d)
Acoustic memory
40.
Memory of something that WAS deliberately learned.
a)
Implicit memory
b)
Explicit memory
c)
Retrieval cues
d)
Acoustic memory
41.
Forgetting caused by lapses in attention
a)
Blocking
b)
Transience
c)
Misattribution
d)
Absent-mindedness
42.
Techniques used to improve memory.
a)
Bias
b)
Persistence
c)
Mnemonic
d)
Transience
43.
The rules of language
a)
Grammer
b)
Morphemes
c)
Language acquistion
d)
Script
44.
A knowledge cluster
a)
Script
b)
Schema
c)
Algorithm
d)
Heuristic
45.
A rule of thumb
a)
Schema
b)
Script
c)
Algorithm
d)
Heuristic
46.
Inability to perceive a new use for an object associated with a different purpose
a)
Mental set
b)
Functional Fixedness
c)
Bias
47.
Confirmation bias refers to the tendency to:
a)
Allow preexisting beliefs to distort logical reasoning
b)
Cling to one’s initial conceptions after the basis on which they were formed has been discredited
c)
Search randomly through alternative solutions when problem solving
d)
Look for information that is consistent with one’s beliefs
48.
The term used to describe the mental activities involved in acquiring, retaining, and using knowledge is:
a)
Cognition
b)
Learning
c)
Perception
d)
Sensation
49.
A prototype is a:
a)
Step-by-step procedure for solving problems
b)
Mental grouping of similar objects, events or people
c)
Best example of a particular category
d)
Simple thinking strategy for solving problems efficiently
50.
Marilyn was asked to solve a series of five math problems. The first four problems could only be solved by a particular sequence of operations. The fifth problem could also be solved following this sequence; however, a much simpler solution was possible. Marilyn did not realize this simpler solution and solved the problem in the way she had solved the first four. Her problem-solving strategy was hampered by
a)
Functional fixedness
b)
The overconfidence phenomenon
c)
A mental set
d)
Her lack of a prototype for the solution
51.
Noam Chomsky's language theory included the idea that:
a)
Language development occurs between the ages of three and five
b)
Children learn language through positive and negative reinforcement
c)
Children model language development from those around them
d)
Children have an innate mental grammar
52.
During her psychology test, Kelsey could not remember the meaning of the term proactive interference. Surprisingly, however, she accurately remembered that the term appeared on the fourth line of a left-hand page in her textbook. Her memory of this incidental information is best explained in terms of
a)
automatic processing.
b)
priming.
c)
the serial position effect.
d)
the spacing effect.
53.
“The magical number seven, plus or minus two” refers to the storage capacity of ________ memory.
a)
short-term
b)
explicit
c)
implicit
d)
sensory
54.
Fill-in-the-blank test questions measure ________; matching concepts with their definitions measures ________.
a)
recall; recognition
b)
recognition; relearning
c)
recall; relearning
d)
recognition; rehearsal
55.
After studying biology all afternoon, Alonzo is having difficulty remembering details of the organic chemistry material that he memorized that morning. Alonzo's difficulty best illustrates
a)
retroactive interference.
b)
proactive interference.
c)
source amnesia.
d)
the spacing effect.
56.
Daniel was asked to write down as many words as he could think of that contained the letter d. To complete this task Daniel would rely on
a)
the availability heuristic.
b)
divergent thinking.
c)
framing.
d)
convergent thinking.
57.
The various vowel sounds that can be placed between a t and an n produce words such as tan, ten, tin, and ton. These various vowel sounds represent different
a)
prototypes.
b)
semantics.
c)
morphemes.
d)
phonemes.
58.
In the words “helped” and “called,” the “ed” ending is a(n)
a)
prototype.
b)
morpheme.
c)
syntax.
d)
algorithm.
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