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Review Unit E: Geologic History

Total questions: 65

Worksheet time: 3hrs 15mins

Name
Class
Date
1.
What is the approximate percentage of geologic time that humans have existed on Earth since its origin? 人類在地球上存在的地質時間百分比是多少？
a)
1.8%
b)
Less than 1%
c)
11.8%
d)
More than 25%
2.
What percentage of rubidium-87 atoms will be left after four half-lives? 四個半衰期後還會剩餘百分之多少的銣-87 原子？
a)
6.25%
b)
50%
c)
25%
d)
12.5%
3.
How old is a bone that has 12.5% of the original amount of radioactive carbon-14 remaining? 殘餘放射性碳-14 的量是原先的 12.5% 的骨骼 年齡是多少？
a)
17,100 years
b)
5,700 years
c)
22,800 years
d)
11,400 years
4.
Which rock layer is the youngest? 哪一個岩層最年輕？
a)
sandstone in outcrop 1 岩石露頭 1 中的沙岩
b)
breccia in outcrop 2 岩石露頭 2 中的角礫岩
c)
conglomerate in outcrop 3 岩石露頭 3 中的礫岩
d)
sandstone in outcrop 4 岩石露頭 4 中的沙岩
5.
Identify one geologic process that occurred in this region that produced the unconformity in this outcrop. 指出發生在這個地區，產生了這個岩石露頭内不整合處的一個地質過程。
a)
erosion and depositon of a new layer 侵蝕和沈積
b)
metamorphism of rocks 岩石變質
c)
tilting of rock layers 傾斜的岩層
d)
volcanic eruptions 火山噴發
6.
State the name of the metamorphic rock at location A. 說明位置 A 的變質岩的名稱。
a)
limestone 石灰石
b)
marble 大理石
c)
sandstone 砂岩
d)
quartzite
7.

USE ESRT PG 8-9 & 3. The diagram below represents the placoderm fish Bothriolepis, an index fossil found in New York State. Which city in New York State is most likely to contain this fossil?

下圖表示屬於盾皮魚綱的溝鱗魚 (Bothriolepis)，這是在紐約州發現的一種指示化石。 哪一個地點的地表底岩中最有可能含有這類化石？

a)
Ithaca
b)
Albany
c)
Old Forge
d)
New York City
8.
When the rock layers in the three outcrops are correlated, the oldest layer is the 如果這三種露頭中的岩石層是相關的，其中最古老的岩石層是
a)
shale layer in outcrop I
b)
siltstone layer in outcrop II
c)
limestone layer in outcrop III
d)
conglomerate layer in outcrop III
9.
Which fossil could be classified as an index fossil? 哪一塊化石可被歸類為指示化石？
a)
1
b)
2
c)
3
d)
4
10.

USE ESRT PG. 8-9: During which period in geologic history did the uplifting of the Adirondack Mountains begin? 阿第倫達克山脈在地質歷史中的哪一段時期 開始抬升？

a)
Cretaceous 白堊紀
b)
Quaternary 第四紀
c)
Triassic 三疊紀
d)
Cambrian寒武紀
11.
Letters W, X, Y, and Z represent fossils found in the rock layers.  Which fossil could best be used as an index fossil? 字母 W、X、Y 和 Z 代表在岩層中發現的化石。哪一塊化石可以用作最好的指示化石？
a)
X
b)
Y
c)
W
d)
Z
12.
Which scientific principle states that younger rock layers are generally deposited on top of older rock layers? 哪一項科學原理說明較年輕的岩層通常會沉積在較老的岩層之上？
a)
superposition
b)
original horizontality
c)
cross-cutting
d)
magma intrusion 岩漿侵入
13.

USE ESRT PG. 8-9, 3, 2: These index fossil shells were most likely found in the surface bedrock of which landscape region? 這些指示化石外殼最可能在哪種地貌區域的地表底岩中找到？

a)
the Catskills
b)
Adirondack Mountains
c)
Tug Hill Plateau
d)
St. Lawrence Lowlands
14.
Describe when the fault most likely occurred 這個斷層最有可能發生在什麼之後
a)
all layers were formed after the fault 所有層都是在斷層線後形成的
b)
the fault occurred before the unconformity 地質斷層發生在不整合面之前
c)
fault occurred before the sandstone layer 斷層發生在砂岩層之前
d)
Fault formed after layer D D層後形成地質斷層
15.

 

USE ESRT PG. 8-9, 3: Which city in New York State is most likely to contain this fossil? 哪一個地點的地表底岩中最有可能含有這類化石？

a)
Syracuse 雪城
b)
Ithaca 伊薩卡
c)
Watertown 水城
d)
Binghamton 賓厄姆頓
16.

Use ESRT pg 3, 8-9: Fossils of which type of animal would most likely be found in the surface bedrock of Watertown, NY? 在紐約沃特的基岩表面最有可能發現哪一類動物的化石？

a)
ammonoids 菊石
b)
placoderm fish 魚
c)
trilobites 三葉蟲
d)
dinosaurs 恐龍
17.
Which lettered boundary is most likely another unconformity? 哪個字母表示的邊界最有可能是另一個不整合處？
a)
Q
b)
A
c)
X
d)
D
18.
Indicate the relative ages of geologic features by listing the letters from oldest to most recent. 指出地質特點 的相對年齡，將字母按照最古老到最年輕的順序排序。
a)
A, B, C, D, H, E, F, G, X
b)
G, F, E, D, X, H, C, B, A
c)
A, B, C, H, X, D, E, F, G, 
d)
G, F, E, H, X, D, C, B, A
19.
Scientists infer that early North American humans hunted the mastodon. Carbon-14 dating of the rib bone indicates that 2.4 half-lives have passed since the mastodon was killed. Approximately how many years ago did the mastodon die? 科學家們推斷，早期的北美人類會追捕乳齒象。 肋骨的碳-14測定表明，自從乳齒象死亡以來，已經過了2.4個半衰期。 大約多少年前，乳齒科死亡？
a)
13,700 years
b)
5,700 years
c)
11,400 years
d)
17,100 years
20.
Which geologic principle is best represented by the rock units? 哪個地質學原理最能代表岩石層？
a)
inclusions
b)
cross-cutting
c)
original horizontality
d)
unconformity
21.
Which statement describes relative dating? 哪個聲明描述了相對  時間？
a)
Shale is older than sandstone because it is on the bottom 頁岩比砂岩老因為它在底部
b)
C-14 has a half life of 5,700 years
c)
Fossil A is 10,000 years older than Fossil B 化石A比化石B年齡大一萬歲
d)
The igneous rock layer was created 11,400 years ago 火山岩層創建於11400年前
22.
Volcanic ash layers are similar to index fossils because they are distributed 火山灰層與指數化石相似，因為它們是分佈的
a)
large area during a short period of time 在短時間內分佈於大片區域
b)
large area during a long period of time 在長時間內分佈於大片區域
c)
small area during a short period of time 在短時間內分佈於小片區域
d)
small area during a long period of time 在長時間內分佈於小片區域
23.
Why can't the isotope C-14 be used to date fossils from the Paleozoic Era? 為什麼同位素碳-14不能用於古生代化石？
a)
C-14's half-life is too short to date older fossils 半衰期太短，以至於較老的化石
b)
C-14's decay product is N-14 衰變產物是氮-14
c)
C-14 is only used for igneous rocks only used for igneous rocks
d)
C-14 doesn't have the correct atomic arrangement 沒有正確的原子排列
24.
Evidence of tectonic activity in this cross section is provided by the 橫切面中地質結構活動的證據，可由何者提供
a)
tilting and faulting of the rock layers 岩層傾斜和斷層
b)
the formation of the limestone layer 形成石灰石層
c)
weathering and erosion of the sandstone layer 風化和侵蝕砂岩層
d)
the mineral composition of the shale 礦物組成的頁岩
25.

 

USE ESRT PG. 8-9: What species became extinct 251 million years ago? 二億五千一百萬年前哪些物種滅絕了？

a)

trilobites 三葉蟲

b)

dinosaurs 恐龍

c)

ammonoids 菊石

d)

brachiopods 腕足

26.

Volcanic ash can be used as a time marker to correlate rock layers because the ash... 火山灰可以用作時間標記來關聯岩層，因為灰...

a)

is deposited rapidly over a large area 迅速沉積在大面積上

b)

represents a buried erosional surface 代表了一個埋藏的侵蝕表面

c)

forms intrusive igneous rock 形成侵入性的火成岩

d)

cuts across rock layers 切割岩石層

27.

What is the leading theory to explain the mass extinctions of dinosaurs and ammonoids 65.5 million years ago? 6550萬年前，解釋恐龍和菊酯類物質大規模滅絕的主要理論是什麼？

a)

asteroid hit earth causing climate change 小行星撞地球引起氣候變化

b)

extreme flooding drowned everything 極端的洪水淹沒了一切

c)

a tornado destroyed all habitats 龍捲風摧毀了所有的棲息地

d)

a high magnitude earthquake killed many species 一次高度地震造成許多物種死亡

28.

The line graph shows the relationship between percentage of original isotope and amount of time. Which isotope could be represented by this line graph? 線圖顯示了原始同位素百分比與時間量之間的關係。 該線圖可以表示哪種同位素？

a)

carbon-14

b)

uranium-238

c)

argon-40

d)

potassium-40

29.

The line graph shows the radioactive decay of Isotope X. What is the half-life of this isotope? 線圖顯示了同位素X的放射性衰變。這種同位素的半衰期是多少？

a)

5,700 years

b)

5.7 years

c)

17,100 years

d)

4.5 x 109 years

30.

The line graph shows the radioactive decay of Isotope X. After two half-lives have passed, what is the percentage of Isotope X left? 線圖顯示同位素X的放射性衰變。經過兩個半衰期後，同位素X的剩餘百分比是多少？

a)

25%

b)

50%

c)

100%

d)

12.5%

31.

If a fossil sample has been dated to be approximately 11,400 years old, how many half-lives have passed? 如果化石樣本計算大約是11,400年，那麼已經過了多少半衰期？

a)

1 half-life

b)

2 half-lives

c)

0 half-lives

d)

3 half-lives

32.

Identify the stable disintegration product of the radioactive isotope carbon-14. 确定放射性同位素碳-14的稳定分解产物。

a)

Nitrogen

b)

Nitrogen-14

c)

Nitrogen-16

d)

Hydrogen-14

33.

Which radioactive isotope takes the greatest amount of time to disintegrate? 哪种放射性同位素崩解所需的时间最长？

a)

potassium-40

b)

uranium-238

c)

uranium-235

d)

rubidium-87

34.

The diagrams represent a model of the disintegration of a sample of the radioactive isotope carbon-14 图为放射性同位素碳-14样品分解的模型

Determine the number of carbon-14 atoms that would most likely remain at the end of the second half-life 确定在第二个半衰期结束时最有可能留下的碳-14原子数。

a)

2

b)

4

c)

6

d)

8

35.

The data table shows the mass of a sample of radioactive carbon-14 remaining after each half-life. Determine the number of grams of carbon-14 remaining in this sample at 17,100 years 数据表显示了放射性碳-14样品在每个半衰期后剩余的质量。 确定该样品在17,100年后剩余的碳-14克数。

a)

64 g

b)

32 g

c)

16 g

d)

8 g

e)

4 g

36.
Which numbered fossil best represents an index fossil? 哪個數字標示的化石最能代表指示化石？
a)
1
b)
2
c)
3
d)
4
37.
Which rock layer is the youngest? 哪一個岩層最年輕？
a)
sandstone in outcrop 1 岩石露頭 1 中的沙岩
b)
breccia in outcrop 2 岩石露頭 2 中的角礫岩
c)
conglomerate in outcrop 3 岩石露頭 3 中的礫岩
d)
sandstone in outcrop 4 岩石露頭 4 中的沙岩
38.
Identify one geologic process that occurred in this region that produced the unconformity in this outcrop. 指出發生在這個地區，產生了這個岩石露頭内不整合處的一個地質過程。
a)
erosion and depositon of a new layer 侵蝕和沈積
b)
metamorphism of rocks 岩石變質
c)
tilting of rock layers 傾斜的岩層
d)
volcanic eruptions 火山噴發
39.
These index fossil shells were most likely found in the surface bedrock of which landscape region? 這些指示化石外殼最可能在哪種地貌區域的地表底岩中找到？
a)
the Catskills
b)
Adirondack Mountains
c)
Tug Hill Plateau
d)
St. Lawrence Lowlands
40.
Describe when the fault most likely occurred 這個斷層最有可能發生在什麼之後
a)
all layers were formed after the fault 所有層都是在斷層線後形成的
b)
the fault occurred before the unconformity 地質斷層發生在不整合面之前
c)
fault occurred before the sandstone layer 斷層發生在砂岩層之前
d)
Fault formed after layer D D層後形成地質斷層
41.
Which lettered boundary is most likely another unconformity? 哪個字母表示的邊界最有可能是另一個不整合處？
a)
Q
b)
A
c)
X
d)
D
42.
Indicate the relative ages of geologic features by listing the letters from oldest to most recent. 指出地質特點 的相對年齡，將字母按照最古老到最年輕的順序排序。
a)
A, B, C, D, H, E, F, G, X
b)
G, F, E, D, X, H, C, B, A
c)
A, B, C, H, X, D, E, F, G, 
d)
G, F, E, H, X, D, C, B, A
43.

What three processes created the unconformity? 哪些三个过程造成了不符合？

a)

conduction, convection and radiation 传导，对流和辐射

b)

weathering, erosion and deposition 风化，侵蚀和沉积

c)

convection, decay, and melting 对流，衰减和融化

d)

heating, melting, and cooling 加热，熔化和冷却

44.

Which magma intrusion occurred first? (is older) 哪个岩浆侵入首先发生？ （年龄较大）

a)

Magma intrusion D because it is longer in length 岩浆侵入D，因为它的长度更长

b)

Magma intrusion C because it is underneath magma intrusion D 岩浆侵入C，因为它位于岩浆侵入D之下

c)

Magma intrusion D because it is underneath magma intrusion C 岩浆侵入D，因为它位于岩浆侵入C之下

d)

Magma intrusion C because it is made of basalt 岩浆侵入C，因为它是由玄武岩制成的

45.

Which law of stratigraphy explains why Rock Layer 5 is older than Rock Layer 4? 哪个地层法则解释了为什么第5层比第4层更古老？

a)

The Law of Thirds tells us that the third half of the picture is older 三分法则告诉我们，图片的后半部分较旧

b)

The Law of Original Horizontality tells us that rock layers are deposited horizontally; if they are tilted or folded, it was due to plate tectonics 原始水平定律告诉我们，岩石层是水平沉积的。 如果它们倾斜或折叠，那是由于板块构造

c)

The Law of Cross-cutting tells us that magma intrusions are younger than whatever it cuts through 横切法则告诉我们，岩浆侵入比切入的任何事物都年轻

d)

The Law of Superposition tells us that older rock layers are found at the bottom and younger rock layers are found at the top 叠加定律告诉我们，较旧的岩石层位于底部，较年轻的岩石层位于顶部

46.

According to the diagram, what type of rock is found directly underneath the skyscrapers in New York City?

根据该图，在纽约市的摩天大楼正下方发现了什么类型的岩石？

a)

Inwood marble (metamorphic rock) 木质大理石（变质岩）

b)

Manhattan schist (igneous rock) 曼哈顿片岩（火成岩）

c)

Newark sandstone (sedimentary rock) 纽瓦克砂岩（沉积岩）

d)

纽瓦克页岩（沉积岩）Newark shale (sedimentary rock)

47.

Identify the oldest bedrock shown in the diagram 找出图中最古老的基岩。

a)

Inwood marble (metamorphic rock) 木质大理石（变质岩）

b)

Manhattan schist (igneous rock) 曼哈顿片岩（火成岩）

c)

Newark sandstone (sedimentary rock) 纽瓦克砂岩（沉积岩）

d)

Fordham Gneiss (metamorphic rock) 福特汉姆片麻岩 (变质岩）

48.

Identify the youngest bedrock shown in the diagram 找出图中最年轻的基岩。

a)

Inwood marble (metamorphic rock) 木质大理石（变质岩）

b)

Palisades diabase (igneous rock) Palisades辉绿岩（火成岩）

c)

Manhattan schist (metamorphic rock) 曼哈顿片岩（火成岩）

d)

Newark conglomerate (sedimentary rock) 纽瓦克集团（沉积岩）

49.

Why can't the isotope C-14 be used to date fossils from the Paleozoic Era? (before the dinosaurs existed) 為什麼同位素碳-14不能用於古生代化石？(在恐龙存在之前)

a)

C-14's half-life is too short to date older fossils 半衰期太短，以至於較老的化石

b)

C-14's decay product is N-14 衰變產物是氮-14

c)

C-14 is only used for igneous rocks only used for igneous rocks

d)

C-14 doesn't have the correct atomic arrangement 沒有正確的原子排列

50.

Identify the stable disintegration product of the radioactive isotope carbon-14. 确定放射性同位素碳-14的稳定分解产物。

a)

Nitrogen

b)

Nitrogen-14

c)

Nitrogen-16

d)

Hydrogen-14

51.
What percentage of rubidium-87 atoms will be left after four half-lives? 四個半衰期後還會剩餘百分之多少的銣-87 原子？
a)
6.25%
b)
50%
c)
25%
d)
12.5%
52.
Scientists infer that early North American humans hunted the mastodon. Carbon-14 dating of the rib bone indicates that 2.4 half-lives have passed since the mastodon was killed. Approximately how many years ago did the mastodon die? 科學家們推斷，早期的北美人類會追捕乳齒象。 肋骨的碳-14測定表明，自從乳齒象死亡以來，已經過了2.4個半衰期。 大約多少年前，乳齒科死亡？
a)
13,700 years
b)
5,700 years
c)
11,400 years
d)
17,100 years
53.

Which pie graph is shaded to best represent the approximate percentage of time that humans have existed during Earth’s entire history? 哪個圓餅圖的陰影部分最能代表人類在地球整 個歷史中存在的時間之大約百分比？

a)
b)
c)
d)
54.

After 8.1 days, how much of a 100-gram sample of gold–198 will remain? 8.1 天后，100 克黄金样品中还有多少 – 198？

a)

6.25 g

b)

25 g

c)

50 g

d)

12.5 g

55.

The graph shows the number of families (groups of closely related species) represented in the fossil record and five major mass extinction events in Earth’s history.

Which group of living organisms survived all five major mass extinctions?

该图显示了化石记录中代表的科数（密切相关的物种群）和地球历史上的五次重大灭绝事件。

哪一组生物在所有五次大灭绝中幸存下来？

a)

ammonoids

b)

graptolites

c)

brachiopods

d)

trilobites

56.

The graph below shows the rate of decay of a radioactive isotope through two half-lives. Each box shows the ratio of atoms of the radioactive isotope (white circle) to atoms of the disintegration product (black circle). The box at two half-lives has been left blank.

Which box best represents the ratio of these atoms at two half-lives?

下图显示了放射性同位素在两个半衰期中的衰变率。 每个方框显示放射性同位素原子（白色圆圈）与衰变产物原子（黑色圆圈）的比率。 两个半衰期的方框留空。

哪个方框最能代表这些原子在两个半衰期的比率？

a)
b)
c)
d)
57.

Which of the following below is considered an isotope 同位素?

a)

carbon

b)

nitrogen

c)

carbon-14

d)

celsius

58.

What process could be indicated by the expression shown? 所示表达式可以表示什么过程？

a)

nuclear fusion 核聚变

b)

convection 对流

c)

radioactive decay 放射性衰变

d)

conduction 传导

59.

The objects below have different amounts remaining of the original radioactive isotope X. Which object is most likely the oldest? 下面的物体具有不同数量的原始放射性同位素 X。哪个物体最有可能是最古老的？

a)

b)

c)

d)

60.

The graph represents the decay of radioactive material X into a stable decay product. What is the approximate half-life of radioactive material X? 该图表示放射性物质 X 衰变为稳定的衰变产物。 放射性物质 X 的半衰期大约是多少？

a)

50%

b)

5,000 years

c)

5 years

d)

10,000 years

61.

Which graph best represents the relative percentages of radioactive isotope X and its stable decay product after 15,000 years? 哪张图最能代表 15,000 年后放射性同位素 X 及其稳定衰变产物的相对百分比？

a)
b)
c)
d)
62.

The diagram represents the number of decayed (white boxes) and undecayed atoms (gray boxes) in a sample that was originally 100% radioactive material. If the half-life of the radioactive isotope is 1,000 years, what is the age of the sample represented by the diagram? 该图表示最初为 100% 放射性物质的样品中衰变（白框）和未衰变原子（灰框）的数量。 如果放射性同位素的半衰期是 1000 年，图中所示样品的年龄是多少？

a)

1,000 years old

b)

2,000 years old

c)

3,000 years old

d)

4,000 years old

63.

What are the decay products of the isotope Potassium-40? 同位素钾 40 的衰变产物是什么？

a)

Ar-40

b)

Ca-40

c)

N-14

d)

Pb-206

64.

The diagram represents a sample of a radioactive isotope before decay. Which diagram best represents the percentage of this radioactive isotope sample that will remain after two half-lives? 该图表示衰变前的放射性同位素样本。 哪个图表最能代表该放射性同位素样本在两个半衰期后所占的百分比？

a)

b)

c)

d)

65.

The diagram represents the atoms of a radioactive sample with a half-life of 5000 years. The white boxes represent undecayed radioactive isotope atoms and the shaded boxes represent the decayed atoms after the first half-life.

How many MORE atoms should be shaded to represent the additional decayed material during the second half-life?

该图表示半衰期为 5000 年的放射性样品的原子。 白色框代表未衰变的放射性同位素原子，阴影框代表第一个半衰期后的衰变原子。

在第二个半衰期中，还有多少原子应该被涂上阴影以表示额外的衰变物质？

a)

12

b)

6

c)

3

d)

0

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