WorksheetsCell Cycle (AP)
Total questions: 73
Worksheet time: 37mins
What is the cell cycle?
A series of stages that allows a cell to divide (in a controlled fashion)
A cycle that allows cells to divide over and over and over and over again
Cell division allows for...
Growth & development
Maintenance & repair
Reproductive processes
All answers are correct. Duh
What is the difference between growth & development?
Growth is an increase in size; development involves necessary changes
Growth involves necessary changes; development is an increase in size
What is the difference between maintenance and repair?
Maintenance are day-to-day changes an organism has to undergo to maintain homeostasis; repair is when an organism suffers a serious setback and intensifies its efforts towards fixing the problem
Repair is day-to-day changes an organism has to undergo to maintain homeostasis; maintenance is when an organism suffers a serious setback and intensifies its efforts towards fixing the problem
How many rounds of cell division are required for meiosis?
1
2
6.02 X 10^23
Binary fission of bacteria is a form of _ reproduction that is very similar to cell division
Sexual
Asexual
A cell alternates between what two phases of the cell cycle?
Interphase & Cell Division
G1 & G2
DNA Replication & Cell Division
Cell Division & G0
What is the big picture importance of interphase (I)?
To prepare a cell for division
To divide the cell in two
Which of the following are sub-phases of interphase?
G1
G0
G2
S
M
A cell does all of the following in G1 EXCEPT
Grow in size
Prepare for DNA replication (ex. synthesize enzymes)
Perform normal function
Prepare for cell division (ex. replicate centrosomes)
What is the big picture importance of S phase?
A cell replicates all of its DNA molecules
A cell synthesizes different molecules needed for division
In DNA replication chromosomes (DNA + histone proteins) are replicated into _
Sister chromatids
Homologous chromosome pairs
DNA/chromosome replication occurs _ cell division to ensure the new cells have a complete copy of the genome
Before
After
DNA replication is semi-conservative. What does this mean?
Each strand of the double helix is used as a template to synthesize a complementary strand
Each strand is cut in half and the other half is "filled in" to create two identical single stranded molecules that bind together to form a new double helix
In DNA replication helicase breaks the bonds (they are actually IMFs) between _
The two template strands
The nucleotides that make up each strand
What is the function of topoisomerase during DNA replication?
To relieve stress/strain on the double helix as helicase unwinds the strands
I don't know. I see big words in biology class and I shut it down immidiately like I'm John Taffer finding mold in the kitchen on an episode of Bar Rescue
Which enzyme adds RNA primers to the template strands during DNA replication?
Primase
RNA Polymerase
DNA Polymerase
Okazakiase
Why must primers be added to each strand during replication?
They allow DNA polymerase to work
They form the complementary strands
DNA polymerase adds free nucleotides to _ in synthesizing new double stranded DNA molecules
The leading strand
The lagging strand
Both strands (its activity is bi-directional)
Replication on the leading strand is _ and proceeds _ the replication fork
Continous, towards
Continuous, away from
Discontinuous, towards
Discontinuous, away from
Replication on the lagging strand is _ and proceeds _ the replication fork
Continous, towards
Continuous, away from
Discontinuous, towards
Discontinuous, away from
Which strand contains Okazaki fragments?
Leading
Lagging
What is the function of ligase during DNA replication?
To remove the Okazaki fragments so DNAP can synthesize new DNA
To join the Okazaki fragments together into a continuous sequence
A cell does all of the following in G2 EXCEPT
Grow in size
Prepare for DNA replication (ex. synthesize enzymes)
Prepare for cell division (ex. replicate centrosomes)
Why is cell growth during G1 and G2 important?
If it did not occur cells would get smaller and smaller in each round of division
A cell must grow in size in order to replicate its DNA
Which types of cells do not typically divide?
Specialized
Undifferentiated (i.e. stem cells)
A cell in dormancy is not longer functional
True
False. This term means it is in G0 and is not about to divide
A cell must be in dormancy (G0) if it is not about to divide
True
False. It can also be holding at a specific sub-phase of interphase (usually G1)
A cell in dormancy (G0) or holding at a specific sub-phase of interphase will never divide
True
False. Chemical signals can cause the cell to re-enter or resume the cell cycle
What must stem cells to in order to become specialized cells?
Divide
Differentiate
Both answers are correct
What is the big picture goal of M phase?
To divide a cell into two identical daughter cells
To prepare a cell for cell division
Cell division = mitosis
True
False. Although really the two terms are used interchangeably which annoys me but its gunna be OK
What is the difference between mitosis and cytokinesis (the two events of cell division)?
Mitosis is the division of the cell’s nucleus and replicated chromosomes; cytokinesis is the division of the cell’s cytoplasm
Cytokinesis is the division of the cell’s nucleus and replicated chromosomes; mitosis is the division of the cell’s cytoplasm
During prophase chromatin _ into chromosomes
Condenses
Unwinds
During prophase microtubules _ from centrosomes
Polymerize
Depolymerize
During prometaphase the nuclear envelope _
Breaks down
Builds up
During prometaphase the centrosomes move to _
The opposite poles of the cell
The center of the cell
During prometaphase the microtubules _
Attach to chromosomes (kinetochore microtubules)
Extend across the cell (polar microtubules)
Both answers are correct
During which phase do chromosomes line up at the center of the cell?
Prophase
Prometaphase
Metaphase
Anaphase
Telophase
During anaphase _ are separated at the _
Sister chromatids; centromere
Sister chromatids; centrosome
Homologous chromosomes; centromere
Homologous chromosomes; centrosome
During telophase nuclear envelopes are _
Built up
Broken down
During telophase what reappears?
Chromatin
Chromosomes
During telophase microtubules _
Polymerize
Depolymerize
What motor proteins form the contractile ring (animal cell cytokinesis)?
Actin & myosin
Kinesin & dynein
What is the cleavage furrow (animal cell cytokinesis)?
The curvature formed by new cells being formed
The physical structure that divides the cells in two
Why do plant cells require the development of a cell plate during cytokinesis?
They have a cell wall
They have a cell membrane
If everything went according to plan (DNA replication & separation of sister chromatids, especially) then the cells made in M phase will be _
Genetically identical
Genetically unique
What are the cells made in M phase called?
Daughter cells
Sister cells
Son cells
Brother cells
After M phase the daughter cells _
Enter G1 of interphase (that's why it's called a cycle!)
Live happily ever after and have no potential to divide again
It is important that the cell cycle in multicellular life is controlled to….
Allow cells to divide correctly when needed
Inhibit division when it is not needed (cell enters dormancy)
Both answers are correct. Duh
What is the connection between cancer and the cell cycle?
Cancer occurs when cells divide uncontrollably to form tumors that may metastasize (spread to other areas of the body)
I can't think of a fake answer here. Read the other one carefully
At the G1 checkpoint a cell asks itself if it is ready to _; at the G2 checkpoint a cell asks itself if it is ready to _
Replicate DNA (S), Divide (M)
Divide (M), Replicate DNA (S)
What question does a cell ask itself at the M checkpoint?
Are the chromosomes properly attached to microtubules?
Is the nuclear envelope broken down?
Are the centrosomes at opposite poles of the cell?
Are the microtubules polymerized?
The cell cycle is regulated by _
Internal signaling molecules
External signaling molecules
Both answers are correct. Duh
Cyclin dependent kinases (Cdks) require the binding of _ before they are active
Cyclins
What else would it be???? It is right in the name. They DEPEND on kinases to work. Duh again
How do protein kinases affect the activity of other proteins?
They phosphorylate them (add a phosphate group)
They methylate them (add a methyl group)
They acetylate them (add an acetyl group)
They de-phosphorylate them (remove a phosphate group)
The addition of a phosphate group always activates a protein
True
False. In fact adding a phosphate group can actually deactivate a protein
Cyclins and cyclin-dependent kinases (Cdks) are _ signaling molecules that regulate the cell cycle
Internal
External
During the cell cycle the concentration of different Cdks _
Remains relatively constant
Increases and decreases when they are needed for regulation
During the cell cycle the concentration of different cyclins _
Remains relatively constant
Increases and decreases when they are needed to activate or inhibit Cdk activity
At the G1 checkpoint which complex forms?
CycD-Cdk4
MPF
At the G1 checkpoint the CycD-Cdk4 complex phosphorylates _
Rb
Various proteins
When the CycD-Cdk4 phosphorylates Rb at the G1 checkpoint what is the effect?
Rb is activated which inhibits DNA replication
Rb is activated which allows DNA replication to occur
Rb is inhibited which inhibits DNA replication
Rb is inhibited which allows DNA replication to occur
After the G1 checkpoint is "passed" then _ occurs
S Phase
M Phase
At the G2 checkpoint which complex forms?
CycD-Cdk4
MPF
At the G1 checkpoint MPF phosphorylates _
Rb
Various proteins
When MPF phosphorylates various proteins at the G2 checkpoint what is the effect?
Some proteins are activated, some are inhibited
All proteins are activated
All proteins are inhibited
After the G2 checkpoint is "passed" then _ occurs
S Phase
M Phase
Which types of signals does a cell receive from its external environment which impacts cell cycle regulation?
Signals which promote division (GO)
Signals which prevent division (STOP)
Both answers are correct. Duh
In the injury of a blood vessel causes _ to release PDGF
Platelets
Fibroblasts
PDGF causes fibroblasts to _
Pass the G1 checkpoint and eventually divide
Pass the G2 checkpoint and divide immediately
What is the desired end result of the PDGF signaling pathway?
Fibroblasts divide which restore the structural integrity of a blood vessel by synthesizing collagen
Platelets divide which collect at the site of injury which causes a plug to form that prevents further blood loss
In density-dependent inhibition dividing cells have _ that can bind to one another. This signals the cells to _ dividing
Surface proteins, stop
Surface proteins, continue
Receptors, stop
Receptors, continue
