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Learning AP Psychology

Total questions: 57

Worksheet time: 35mins

Name
Class
Date
1.

A lion in a circus learns to stand up on a chair and jump through a hoop to receive a food treat.

a)

classical conditioning

b)

operant conditioning

c)

observational learning

2.

Every time someone flushes a toilet in the apartment building, the shower becomes very hot and causes the person to jump back. Over time, the person begins to jump back automatically after hearing the flush, before the water temperature changes.

a)

Classical conditioning

b)

Operant conditioning

c)

Observational learning

3.
Ivan Pavlov has been credited with the initial discovery of
a)
operant conditioning.
b)
reinforcement
c)
classical conditioning.
d)
vicarious conditioning.
4.
In a classic experiment, "Little Albert," a very young boy, was conditioned to be afraid of a rat. He also became fearful of white furry rabbits and bearded men. This is an example of
a)
classical conditioning.
b)
higher order conditioning.
c)
reinforcement.
d)
operant conditioning.
5.
In John Watson's "Little Albert" experiment, what was the UCS?
a)
The white rat
b)
Anything white and furry
c)
The loud noise
d)
Fear
6.
When Pavlov placed food in the mouth's of dogs, they began to salivate. The salivation was a(n) ________.
a)
unconditioned stimulus
b)
unconditioned response
c)
conditioned response
d)
conditioned stimulus
7.
John Watson and his colleague, Rosalie Rayner, offered a live white rat to Little Albert and then made a loud noise behind his head by striking a steel bar with a hammer. The white rat served as the _____________ in their study.
a)
discriminative stimulus
b)
conditioned stimulus
c)
unconditioned stimulus
d)
extinguished stimulus
8.
BF Skinner with his pigeons.
a)
classical conditioning
b)
operant conditioning
c)
observational conditioning
9.

In Pavlov's experiment, the salivating to the sound of a bell is a(n)

a)

Unconditioned Stimulus

b)

Unconditioned Response

c)

Conditioned Stimulus

d)

Conditioned Response

10.
When learning first takes place, we would say that __ has occurred.
a)
Acquisition
b)
Extinction
c)
Spontaneous Recovery
d)
Discrimination
11.
The learned ability to distinguish between a CS and other stimuli that does not signal a CR is called
a)
Classical Conditioning
b)
Discrimination
c)
Generalization
d)
Extinction 
12.
Learning that occurs due to reward and punishment
a)
Classical Conditioning
b)
Operant Conditioning
c)
Learning
d)
Taste Aversion
13.
The reinforcer, such as food, that gets the organism to continue a behavior is called __.
a)
Positive Reinforcement
b)
Primary Reinforcer
c)
Secondary Reinforcer
d)
Classical Conditioning
14.
A little girl gets to eat dessert because she finished all the food on her plate. This is an example of:  
a)
Positive punishment
b)
Negative punishment
c)
Positive Reinforcement
d)
Negative Reinforcement
15.
When shaping a behavior, you would couple a treat with, "good dog" to get your pet to sit.  The "good dog" is considered __.
a)
Negative Reinforcement
b)
Primary Reinforcer
c)
Secondary Reinforcer
16.
Anything that seeks to continue a desired behavior by the removal, escape from, or avoidance of undesired stimulus is called __.
a)
Negative Reinforcement
b)
Punishment
c)
Positive Reinforcement
d)
Partial Reinforcement
17.
Small successive step taken in which to get an organism to learn a behavior is called __.
a)
Shaping
b)
Continuous Reinforcement
c)
Positive Reinforcement
d)
Partial Reinforcement
18.
Giving a treat to your dog every time it rolls over is called __.
a)
Continuous Reinforcement
b)
Partial Reinforcement 
c)
Operant Conditioning
d)
Positive Reinforcement
19.
Who linked taste aversions with classical conditioning?
a)
Bandura
b)
Pavlov
c)
Garcia
d)
Skinner
20.
When grocery shopping with his mother, 4-year-old Hakim sometimes throws temper tantrums if his mother refuses his requests for a particular snack food. Parent-training experts would suggest that his mother should
a)
threaten to punish Hakim if he continues his tantrums
b)
offer to buy the snack food Hakim wants only if he quiets down and behaves himself.
c)
continue shopping while ignoring Hakim's tantrums.
d)
return any snack foods that are already in her cart to the store shelves.
21.
The view that psychology should be an objective science that studies behavior without reference to mental processes was called 
a)
psychoanalysis. 
b)
behaviorism. 
c)
cognitive neuroscience.
22.
The views of learning advanced by Ivan Pavlov and John B. Watson underestimated the importance of
a)
spontaneous recovery.
b)
 cognitive processes.
c)
associative learning.
d)
discrimination.
23.
Studies of latent learning highlight the importance of
a)
respondent behavior. 
b)
spontaneous recovery. 
c)
cognitive processes.
d)
conditioned reinforcers. 
24.
Mirror neurons are believed by some scientists to provide a biological basis for
a)
the law of effect.
b)
spontaneous recovery. 
c)
observational learning.
d)
extrinsic motivation. 
25.
When Little Albert generalized his fear of the white rat that meant 
a)
he feared all furry things
b)
he distinguished between the bell and the gong
c)
he learned the association between the gong and the rat
d)
he suddenly feared rats after successful extinction
26.
Carly used to feel nausea when going to McDonalds because she associated the food with illness.  After a few good meals there, she no longer feels the nausea. Which prinicple?
a)
spontaneous recovery
b)
extinction
c)
second-order conditioning
d)
generalization
27.
Mariah developed a fear of the water when she fell off a river raft last summer. This year she took swimming lessons and thought she had finally overcome her fear of water. She was eagerly looking forward to an upcoming rafting trip, however, as soon as she stepped onto the raft she was instantly terrified again. 
a)
extinction
b)
generalization
c)
spontaneous recovery
d)
observational learning
28.
Parents say, “I’m taking away your phone because you failed Chemistry.”  Parents are using           
a)
positive punishment
b)
negative punishment
c)
positive reinforcement
d)
classical conditioning
29.
Many psychologists refer to Albert Bandura’s Bobo Doll experiment to illustrate how
a)
teens conform to fashion fads
b)
introverted personalities succeed in high school
c)
exposure to violent TV and games cause violent behavior
d)
abused women justify staying with their husbands
30.
Your teenaged daughter has not cleaned her room in a month. You go in and begin yelling at her to clean her room. She begins to clean up, and you stop yelling. Your daughter's cleaning behavior can be viewed as responding to
a)
classical conditioning
b)
positive reinforcement
c)
punishers
d)
negative reinforcement
31.
Your teenaged daughter has not cleaned her room in a month. You go in and begin yelling at her to clean her room. She begins to clean up, and you stop yelling. Your daughter's cleaning behavior can be viewed as responding to
a)
classical conditioning
b)
positive reinforcement
c)
punishers
d)
negative reinforcement
32.
Marie works in a dress factory where she earns $10 for each three dresses she hems. Marie is paid on a
a)
variable ratio
b)
fixed interval
c)
fixed ratio
d)
variable interval
33.
Charlie gets paid on the 15th of every month.  He is reinforced on a ___ schedule
a)
fixed ratio
b)
fixed interval
c)
variable interval
d)
variable ratio
34.
Slot machines work on a _____ reinforcement schedule
a)
fixed ratio
b)
variable ratio
c)
variable interval
d)
fixed interval
35.
You could receive a text message at any random time.  You are reinforced on a ______schedule of reinforcement
a)
fixed ratio
b)
variable ratio
c)
variable interval
d)
fixed interval
36.

Kohler studied chimps solving problems with no visible effort. He studied these "sudden insights" He studied

a)

observational learning

b)

insight learning

c)

operant conditioning

d)

classical conditioning

37.
He is known for his Law of Effect that behaviors followed by favorable consequences become more likely, and behaviors followed by unfavorable consequences become less likely
a)
Skinner
b)
Thorndike
c)
John Watson
d)
Pavlov
38.
Which takes longer to acquire, but is less prone to extinction? 
a)
continuous reinforcement
b)
partial (intermittent) reinforcement
39.
_______ is the adaptive process through which experience modifies pre-existing behavior and understanding. 
a)
Conditioning
b)
Learning 
c)
Memory
d)
Reinforcement
40.
Classical conditioning is a learning procedure in which associations are made between a _____ stimulus and a(n) _____ stimulus.  An example is pairing the bell with the light.  
a)
neutral; conditioned
b)
conditioned; unconditioned
c)
conditioned; reconditioned
d)
neutral; unconditioned
41.
Which of the following best describes the findings of Martin Seligman's experiment with dogs? 
a)
The unharnessed dogs never learned to associate the tone with the shock that followed. 
b)
The harnessed  and the unharnessed  dogs both escaped the shock when they heard the tone. 
c)
The harnessed and the unharnessed  dogs did not try to escape the shock because they had learned to be helpless. 
d)
The harnessed dogs learned there was nothing they could do to escape the shock.  Even when escape was possible, the dogs did nothing because they had learned to be helpless. 
42.
Chris has failed English class repeatedly and has now stopped trying because he believes the situation is uncontrollable. This is an example of: 
a)
learned helplessness. 
b)
observational learning. 
c)
learned laziness. 
d)
behavior modification. 
43.
In Edward Tolman’s maze study, the first group of rats was reinforced each time they solved the maze.  The second group of rats only received reinforcement the eleventh day of the study.  The second group of rats solved the maze far more quickly than the rats in the first group.  Which of the following is true regarding the second group of rats? 
a)
They were much smarter than the rats in the first group. 
b)
They demonstrated latent learning.  They had learned the maze in the first ten days, they had just not had a reason to demonstrate it.  
c)
They had the opportunity to cheat by watching the rats in the first group. 
d)
They had a better cognitive map than the rats in the first group. 
44.
In Edward Tolman’s maze study, the first group of rats was reinforced each time they solved the maze.  The second group of rats only received reinforcement the eleventh day of the study.  The second group of rats solved the maze far more quickly than the rats in the first group.  Which of the following is true regarding the second group of rats? 
a)
They were much smarter than the rats in the first group. 
b)
They demonstrated latent learning.  They had learned the maze in the first ten days, they had just not had a reason to demonstrate it.  
c)
They had the opportunity to cheat by watching the rats in the first group. 
d)
They had a better cognitive map than the rats in the first group. 
45.
When you are asked to provide directions to your home, you are most likely using: 
a)
operant conditioning 
b)
observational learning
c)
a cognitive map 
d)
learned helplessness 
46.
In Albert Bandura's Bobo Doll Experiment, a majority of the children used the same violent techniques on the Bobo Doll they had seen the adults perform in the video.  This is an example of: 
a)
cognitive learning. 
b)
innate aggressive desires. 
c)
observational learning. 
d)
learned helplessness.
47.
A little girl gets spanked by her mom for throwing a temper tantrum in the grocery store.  This is an example of:  
a)
positive reinforcement
b)
negative reinforcement
c)
positive punishment
d)
negative punishment
48.

Learned helplessness is most likely to result when....

a)

Responses have no effect on the environment

b)

Young organisms fail to imprint at the critical period

c)

A response is reinforced independently

d)

Reinforcement occurs on an intermittent schedule

e)

An organism receives negative reinforcement

49.

After seeing her parents give her brother a dollar for cleaning his room, Sarah begins cleaning her own room. What would a social-learning theorist say is occurring?

a)

Classical conditioning

b)

Spontaneous recovery

c)

Stimulus generalization

d)

Discrimination training

e)

Observational learning

50.

A person who is fearful of rattlesnakes but not garden snakes is exhibiting...

a)

Response learning

b)

Discrimination learning

c)

Insight learning

d)

Extinction

e)

Generalization

51.

A monkey is conditioned to flinch at the sound of a bell that was previously paired with a puff of air to the monkey's cheek. Which of the following explanations would be most consistent to a cognitive interpretation of this conditioning?

a)

The animal cannot control its tendency to flinch because it is a reflex

b)

The strength of the flinch is a function of the time interval between the onset of the bell and the air puff

c)

The monkey interprets the bell as a signal that the air puff will follow

d)

the bell is merely a stimulus substitute for the air puff

e)

Monkeys are intelligent and know that they should flinch when they hear tones

52.

Edward Thorndike argued that responses that lead to satisfying outcomes are more likely to be repeated, and that responses followed by unpleasant outcomes are less likely to be repeated. This became known as the Law of...

a)

Reinforcement

b)

Associations

c)

Punishment

d)

Effect

e)

Outcomes

53.

Which of the following is a type of therapy for alcoholism that involves the administration of a drug that will induce nausea after a person consumes alcohol?

a)

Aversion

b)

Implosive

c)

Flooding

d)

Instrumental

e)

Rational-Emotive Behavioral

54.

the terms "modeling" and "imitation" are most closely associated with...

a)

Classical Conditioning

b)

Gestalt Theory

c)

Hypothesis Testing

d)

Operant Conditioning

e)

Social Learning Theory

55.

When a conditioned stimulus is presented without the unconditioned stimulus, a resulting decrease in the conditioned response is called

a)

Acquisition

b)

Incremental learning

c)

Discrimination

d)

Extinction

e)

Generalization

56.

Which of the following statements best describes the role of biological processes in classical conditioning?

a)

A biologically-based unconditioned stimulus must immediately follow a conditioned stimulus in order for learning to occur

b)

Any novel (new) or familiar stimulus could serve as a conditioned stimulus because the biological mechanisms underlying learning are very powerful

c)

Because all animals share a common cellular history, the laws of classical conditioning apply to all species

d)

Certain species are biologically predisposed to learn particular associations that enhance their survival

e)

Biological reinforcers foster learning more quickly than do environmental reinforcers

57.

A two-year old child is frightened by a small dog. A few weeks later the same child sees a cat and becomes frightened. The child's reaction is most likely an example of which of the following?

a)

Stimulus discrimination

b)

Second-order conditioning

c)

Stimulus generalization

d)

Sensory preconditioning

e)

Spontaneous recovery

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