Noah Webster created an American dictionary

In the case of McCulloch vs Maryland, the Chief Justice, John Marshall argued that states could legally tax an institution of the United States

In the case of Gibbons v. Ogden, a license from the state of New York held more power than a federal license

Henry Clay's American System included: high tariffs, internal improvements, and a renewal of the national bank

The 2nd Bank of the United States was established in 1816

Under the Treaty of 1818, the US and England agreed to share the Oregon Territory

Under the Adams/Onis Treaty the US lost Florida to Spain

Under the Monroe Doctrine, the US warned European countries not to further colonize in Asia

The Erie Canal made NYC the biggest nation in the US

The National Road extended from Maryland to Illinois

The Lancaster Turnpike connected NYC to Boston

Robert Fulton's Clermont was the nation's first locomotive train

Whereas Samuel Slater developed a textile mill in Rhode Island, Francis Lowell developed a textile mill in Massachusetts

Under the Missouri Compromise, Missouri entered the Union as a free state, and Maine entered the Union as a slave state

During the Election of 1824, John Quincy Adams was accused of offering a corrupt bargain to win this election

John Quincy Adams created the Spoils System and called for the removal of the Cherokees in Georgia

Through the establishment of a Cherokee alphabet by Seqoyah, the Cherokees created a newspaper called The Cherokee Phoenix

Whereas the Indian Removal Act called for the removal of all Native Americans in the Southeast, the removal of the Cherokees to the territory of Oklahoma became known as the Trail of Tears

The Nullification Crisis would see South Carolina ignore the Tariff of Abominations and see Jackson's vice president, John Calhoun lead the fight against this tariff

The Force Bill saw Andrew Jackson threaten to lead troops in South Carolina to enforce the tariff laws.

Despite Jackson's attempt to eliminate the national bank, Nicholas Biddle was successful in getting the 2nd Bank of the US renewed in 1836

When Martin Van Buren stepped into office, the Panic of 1838 struck the nation leaving to Whig party to dominate the Election of 1840

Since John Tyler died in office, William Henry Harrison assumed the role of the presidency in 1841

Whereas the Second Great Awakening featured camps in the South, visiting preachers would make their way to churches in the North

Lyman Beecher established the American Temperance Society in an attempt to make people drink more liquor

Whereas Mt. Holyoke College became the first college to accept women, Oberlin College became the first all female college, and the University of Iowa became the first public college to accept women

Liz Blackwell became the first woman to earn a law degree

Whereas Horace Mann created the nation's first state board of education in Massachusetts, Samuel G. Howe established schools for the blind, and Thomas Gallaudet established schools for the deaf

Dorothea Dix and her reporting of abuses in asylums led to no changes in this system

The US gained full control of the Oregon Territory up to the 54 40 parallel in 1846

James Polk campaigned to acquire the Oregon Territory up to the 49th parallel

Land confiscated from the Spanish missions in California were given to huevo rancheros

Whereas Joseph Smith founded the Mormon Church in New York, Brigham Young ultimately called for its relocation in Utah

Whereas Stephen Austin brough American families into Texas, Gen. Antonio Lopez de Santa Anna executed nearly 200 Americans at the Alamo...300 more Americans were executed shortly after

Santa Anna captured Sam Houston at the Battle of San Jacinto and despite Mexican opposition, declared Texas an independent republic

When the US claimed Texas as a state, an immediate disagreement over land boundaries erupted in 1846

Whereas Polk sent Zachary Taylor to purchase California from Mexico, John Slidell had his troops fired upon just north of the Rio Grande.

According to the Wilmot Proviso, any territory gained from Mexico would be reserved exclusively for slavery

When war broke out against Mexico, Stephen Kearney captured the Southwest, John C. Fremont led the Bear Flag Revolt in northern California, and Winfield Scott captured Mexico City

Under the terms of the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo, Mexico retained its southwestern territory, including California

When James Marshall discovered gold near Sutter's Mill, gold rushers known as Forty Niners would arrive in California to search for instant riches

Under the Gadsden Purchase, Mexico bought the lower portion of Arizona and New Mexico

Hillbillies were poor whites in the South who did not own slaves.

Slave owners had no justifications for defending slavery.

The Invisible Church was attended by both slaves and their masters

Nat Turner led a slave revolt in Virginia in the 1830s

Under popular sovereignty, settlers were to decide if a territory was to become free or slave

The Free Soil Party aimed to eliminate slavery in American territories

Under the Compromise of 1850, California became a slave state

The Kansas-Nebraska Act led to violence in the Kansas territory between free settlers such as John Brown and slaveowners

In the case of Dred Scott, the US Supreme Court ruled that Scott was a free man based on his residence in a free territory

During the Lincoln-Douglas debates, Lincoln criticized Stephen Douglas for his support of popular sovereignty

In 1859, John Brown led a successful uprising at Harper's Ferry by providing hundreds of slaves weapons to gain their freedom

In the Election of 1860, Abraham Lincoln won, and South Carolina became the first state to secede from the Union

The seceding states that left the Union collectively became known as the United States of America with Thomas Jefferson as their president

The Civil War began when the Confederacy bombarded Ft Sumter off the coast of South Carolina

The Union plan to suffocate the South into submission became known as the Anaconda Plan

The First Battle of Bull Run proved that the war would not be a short one

The Battle of Shiloh would see the deaths of 3000 in two days

The main target of the Union was to capture the Confederate capital of Washington D.C.

Union General George McClellan came within striking distance of Richmond but hesitated and was forced to retreat by Robert E Lee

Whereas Robert E. Lee was the main general of the Confederacy, Stonewall Jackson was the main general of the Union

The Battle of Antietam would not only witness 5,000 killed in day, but also see Lincoln issue the Emancipation Proclamation to free the slaves in rebelling states

The Battles of Fredericksburg and Chancellorsville proved to be two of the last Confederate victories in the Civil War

Whereas Lee would lose 1/3 of his army at the Battle of Vicksburg, the Union gained control of the Mississippi River at the Battle of Gettysburg

Whereas Ulysses S Grant forced Lee to surrender at Appomattox, VA, William Sherman employed to use of Total War to capture Georgia and the Carolinas

The 54th Massachusetts became the north's first black regiment during the Civil War

Clara Barton and Elizabeth Blackwell both organized the assistance of wounded Civil War soldiers

James Marshall discovered gold in the American River in January of 1848

The gold rush enriched John Sutter and was completely beneficial to him.

James Polk ran through the streets of San Francisco yelling "Gold! Gold! Gold!..in the American River!

In December of 1848, President Sam Brannan announced that gold had been discovered in California.

Panning was a form of searching for gold that was more devastating to the environment than hydraulic mining

Sluice mining involved diverting water away from a riverbed so gold could be more easily exposed

Vigilantism did not exist during the gold rush since law enforcement was extremely mobile

The California Genocide would see a decimation of the Native American population during the era of the Gold Rush