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Psychology Final Review

Total questions: 100

Worksheet time: 2hrs 39mins

Name
Class
Date
1.

The scientific study of behavior and mental processes is

a)

psychology

b)

biology

c)

morality

d)

physiology

2.
Psychiatrists differ from psychologists in that they 
a)
Help people cope with challenges and crisis 
b)
conduct research
c)
are medical doctors licensed to prescribe medicine 
d)
explore how we view and affect one another
3.

The goals of Psychology are

a)

to study mental processing and behavior.

b)

Describe, explain, predict and control human behavior/mental processing.

c)

similar to the goals of sociology and other humanities courses.

d)

best described in chapter two of our textbook.

4.

A method of research in which a problem is identified, relevant data are gathered, a hypothesis is

formulated from these data, and the hypothesis is empirically tested.

a)

norm

b)

scientific method

c)

cognitive

5.

In an experiment, the ___________ is being being changed while the ____________ is being measured

a)

Independent variable; Dependent variable

b)

Dependent variable; Independent variable

6.
What kind of correlation?
a)
Positive
b)
Negative
c)
No
7.

What type of correlation is expected between life expectancy and cigarette smoking?

a)

Positive

b)

Negative

c)

Null

d)

Perfect

8.
This research method is a descriptive technique in which one individual or group is studied in depth in the hope of revealing universal principles
a)
Case Study
b)
Survey
c)
Observational
d)
Correlational
e)
Experiments
9.
This research method is a technique for ascertaining the self – reported attitudes or behaviors of a particular group, usually by questioning a representative, random sample of the group.
a)
Survey
b)
Observational
c)
Correlational
d)
Experiments
e)
Case Study
10.
This is a method of research where the researcher carefully and systematically observes and records behavior without interfering
a)
Observational
b)
Correlational
c)
Experiments
d)
Case Study
e)
Survey
11.
This research method is a measure of the extent to which two variables change together, and thus of how well either variable predicts the other
a)
Correlational
b)
Experiments
c)
Case Study
d)
Survey
e)
Observational
12.
This is a method of research where an investigator manipulates one or more factors (independent variables) to observe the effect on some behavior or mental process (the dependent variable).
a)
Experiments
b)
Case Study
c)
Survey
d)
Observational
e)
Correlational
13.
The advantage of this descriptive method of research is that it yields a great deal of detailed descriptive information and they are very useful in forming a hypothesis
a)
Case Study
b)
Survey
c)
Observational
d)
Correlational
e)
Experiments
14.
Stanley Milgram focused his experiments on the theme of...
a)
conformity to the group.
b)
obedience to authority.
c)
the influence of ascribed roles on behaviour.
d)
the nature of prosocial behaviour.
15.
When working as a group, less effort is put into a task
a)
Social loafing
b)
Social facilitation
c)
Bystander effect
d)
Groupthink
16.

Social facilitation is defined as...

a)

Tendency for presence of others to enhance performance on simple tasks but inhibit or impair performance on difficult tasks.

b)

Tendency for presence of others to enhance performance on difficult tasks, but inhibit or impair performance on simple tasks.

c)

Tendency for presence of others to lead to positive results for all parties based on simple tasks.

d)

Tendency for presence of those close to us to enhance performance on simple tasks.

17.

Milgram's study discovered that...

a)

People will obey authority even in extreme situations, even when this means harming others.

b)

People are afraid of people older than them.

c)

People can take their roles too seriously and subconsciously enjoy tormenting others.

d)

People will obey authority if their life is in danger.

18.
Kayle asks Hanna for a dollar to buy a water, then asks for three to also buy a snack
a)
Foot-in-the-door
b)
Door-in-the-face
c)
low-ball
d)
ingratiation
19.
Although Frieda is typically very reserved, when she attended a huge rock concert in the middle of an immense crowd, she lost her inhibitions and self-restraint and behaved in a very sexually provocative way. Frieda’s unusual behavior is best understood in terms of: 
a)
the bystander effect.
b)
 social facilitation.
c)
 deindividuation.
d)
 the mere exposure effect.
20.
A belief that all members of a group share a common characteristic. 
a)
Prejudice
b)
Stereotype
c)
Discrimination
d)
Social loafing
21.
Preferential or disadvantageous behavior toward an individual or group. 
a)
Obedience
b)
Prejudice
c)
Discrimination
d)
Other-race-effect
22.
Following the instructions or orders of an authority figure. 
a)
Obedience
b)
Conformity
c)
Mere Exposure Effect
d)
Central Route of Persuasion
23.
Repetition of the same arguments resulting in stronger attitudes in support of the majority view is an example of
a)
group polarization.
b)
role conflict.
c)
groupthink.
d)
social networking.
24.
Which statement is true about attraction & relationships?
a)
opposites attract
b)
the more you see someone the more you tend to like them
c)
women tend to have secure attachments & men tend to have anxious attachments
d)
People who are highly attractive tend to have higher levels of intelligence and better personalities
25.
The Fundamental Attribution Error refers to our tendency to overestimate______ and underestimate _________.
a)
normative influences; informational influences
b)
personal dispositions; situational influences
c)
situational influences; personal dispositions
d)
informational influences; normative influences
26.
Lance is in cross country runner.  He tends to run faster when he is running with someone than when he is running alone.  This is an example of...
a)
social facilitation
b)
bystander effect
c)
foot-in-the-door phenomenon
d)
mere exposure effect
27.

When members of the group give priority to the group getting along rather than being concerned with the facts, they are engaged in what social psychologists call ______

a)

Group polarization

b)

Mass Thought

c)

Groupthink

d)

Consumerism

28.

Diffusion of responsibility can best be described as?

a)

a tendency for people to be attracted to those they spend the most time with

b)

the tendency for the group's ideas to become more extreme

c)

the tendency for people to fail to take responsibility to action because of the presence of other people sharing responsibility

d)

the tendency for people to become frustrated and then aggressive

29.

The minimum stimulation needed to register a particular stimulus fifty percent of the time is called:

a)

Sensation Adaptation

b)

Signal Detection

c)

Absolute Threshold

d)

Difference Threshold

30.

The point at which one can tell the difference between stimuli.

a)

Difference Threshold

b)

Absolute Threshold

c)

Trichromatic

d)

Sensory Adaptation

31.
analysis that begins with sensory receptors and works up to brain’s integration
a)
perception
b)
bottom-up
c)
subliminal
d)
cones
32.
carries neural impulses from the eye to the brain
a)
optic nerve
b)
sensation
c)
blind spot
d)
parallel
33.

Which of the following is the best definition of “sensation”?

a)

The process by which we interpret information from our environment

b)

The process by which we receive information from our environment.

c)

The process by which we organize and process information from our environment.

d)

The process by which we decide which information to process from our environment.

34.

Which of the following visual cues occurs when you look down at a fly on your nose?

a)

Convergence

b)

Retinal disparity

c)

Kinesthesis

d)

Divergence

35.

Which of the following is the correct term for the process by which we organize and interpret information from the world around us?

a)

Sensation

b)

Transduction

c)

Perception

d)

Signal detection

36.
concentrated near the center of the retina; detect fine detail, color
a)
perceptual set
b)
top-down
c)
cones
d)
difference threshold
37.
detect black, white, and gray; necessary for peripheral and twilight vision
a)
absolute threshold
b)
optic nerve
c)
sensation
d)
rods
38.

Which of the following sentences best describes the relationship sensation and perception?

a)

Sensation is a strictly mechanical process, whereas perception is a cognitive process.

b)

Perception is an advanced form of sensation.

c)

Sensation happens in the senses, whereas perception happens in the brain.

d)

Sensation is detecting stimuli, perception is interpreting stimuli.

e)

Sensation involves learning and expectations, and perception does not.

39.

You are shown a picture of your grandfather's face, but the eyes and mouth are blocked out. You still recognize it as a picture of your grandfather. Which type of processing best explains this example of perception?

a)

bottom-up processing

b)

signal detection theory

c)

top-down processing

d)

opponent-process theory

e)

gestalt replacement theory

40.
The endocrine system sends chemical messages called
a)
neurotransmitters
b)
lesions
c)
hormones
d)
synapses
41.
The part of the neuron that takes information away from the cell body is called a(n) _____________.
a)
dendrite
b)
axon
c)
cell body
d)
Schwann cell
42.
What is the chemical used by a neuron to transmit an impulse across a synapse to another nerve cell?
a)
Neurotransmitters
b)
Synapse
c)
Threshold
d)
Impulse
43.
Part of the nervous system made of the brain and spinal cord.
a)
central nervous system
b)
peripheral nervous system
44.
Which lobe is known for “higher-cognitive functions" like problem solving and decision making?
a)
Frontal Lobe
b)
Parietal Lobe
c)
Temporal Lobe
d)
Occipital Lobe
45.
Which division of the nervous system allows our body to use energy when needed?
a)
Central Nervous System
b)
Sympathetic Nervous System
c)
Parasympathetic Nervous System
d)
Somatic Nervous System
46.

Organization of itmes into familiar or manageable units

a)

Amnesia

b)

Group Think

c)

Chunking

d)

Eidetic

47.
The process of filing information into your memory is...
a)
Chunking
b)
Encoding
c)
Retrieving
d)
Priming
48.
What is it called when new information impairsthe retention of previously learned information?
a)
Retention
b)
Retroactive Interference
c)
Proactiveinterference
d)
Retrieval Failure
49.
Disruptive efffect of prior learning on the recall of new information (Forward Acting)
a)
Retroactive Interference
b)
Proactive Interactive
c)
Repression
d)
Misinformation Effect
50.

Which type of memory stores facts, words and concepts?

a)

Episodic

b)

Encoding

c)

Semantic

d)

Implicit

51.

Which type of memory includes practiced skills and habits?

a)

Episodic

b)

Encoding

c)

Semantic

d)

Implicit

52.
An infant who has developed object permanence...
a)
is attached to specific objects, such as a blanket.
b)
will see all objects as being the same.
c)
knows that an object, such as a rattle, exists even if it is not in view.
d)
cries when a wanted object is taken away.
53.
According to Piaget, accommodation refers to
a)
parental efforts to include new children in the existing family structure
b)
incorporating new experiences into existing schemas.
c)
developmental changes in a child's behavior that facilitate social acceptance by family and peers.
d)
adjusting current categories in order to make sense of new experiences.
54.
Seeing and thinking of the world only from one's own standpoint is called...
a)
maturation
b)
schema
c)
socialization
d)
egocentric
55.
A failure to develop a consistent identity results in:
a)
Role confusion
b)
Inferiority
c)
Insecurity
d)
 Social isolation
56.
Interpreting new experiences in terms of existing categories of information is called:
a)
learning
b)
assimilation
c)
accomodation
d)
object permanence 
57.
Piaget's 4 stages of development
a)
Formal, Concrete, schemas, preconservation
b)
Sensimotor,Preoperational, Concrete, Formal
c)
Sensorimotor, preconventional, concrete, Formal
58.
In psychology, nature refers to
a)
the tendency to control one's own development
b)
the influence of genetic inheritance on development
c)
the influence of an individual's experiences throughout infancy
d)
the influence of an individual's experiences throughout their lifetime
59.
Hannah, a two-year old, has learned that every time she gets up from a nap, she has a snack, gets her diaper changed, and then plays with her mom. This mental framework or picture of the world is one of Hannah's
a)
schemas
b)
attachments
c)
temperaments
d)
zygotes
60.
The inability to see new uses for familiar objects is termed
a)
non-flexible thinking.
b)
functional fixedness.
c)
proactive inhibition.
d)
interference.
61.

What is the process by which a stimulus increases the chances of a preceding behavior occurring again?

a)

reinforcement

b)

flooding

c)

extinction

d)

systematic desensitization

62.

On what kind of a reinforcement schedule does a slot machine work?

a)

variable-ratio schedule

b)

fixed-ratio schedule

c)

variable-interval schedule

d)

fixed-interval schedule

63.
Which of the following is true of classical conditioning?
a)
UCS produces UCR
b)
CR produces the CS
c)
UCR produces the CS
d)
 CS produces the UCS
64.
Dylan’s mother buys him a sailor’s cap before they go on a family fishing trip. On the boat, Dylan gets nauseated and vomits. Th e next day he gets nauseated just from looking at the sailor’s cap. Th e sailor’s cap has become:
a)
The unconditioned stimulus
b)
The conditioned stimulus
c)
The conditioned response
d)
The unconditioned response
65.

Behavior: Amy ran away


Consequence: Her parents changed the locks

a)

+ reinforcement

b)

-- reinforcement

c)

+ punishment

d)

-- punishment

66.

A frequent flyer program in which you receive a free flight after accumulating 5,000 flight miles is an example of a _____ reinforcement schedule.

a)

fixed variable

b)

fixed ratio

c)

variable ratio

d)

variable interval

67.

An athlete signs a contract whereby her salary increases are renegotiated every three years. This is an example of a _____ schedule of reinforcement.

a)

fixed ratio

b)

fixed interval

c)

variable ratio

d)

variable interval

68.

Selling Girl Scout cookies door-to-door is reinforced on a _____ schedule.

a)

fixed ratio

b)

fixed interval

c)

variable ratio

d)

variable interval

69.

Pop quizzes reinforce reading and studying on a _____ schedule.

a)

fixed ratio

b)

variable ratio

c)

fixed interval

d)

variable interval

70.

Which of the following describes negative reinforcement?

a)

Noah stops shooting bad free-throws because his coach benches him when he does.

b)

Sebastian studies hard because it earns him "A" grades in math.

c)

Deja used to walk to school but does not do so anymore because she was attacked by a dog in the neighborhood last month.

d)

Mia smokes because her anxiety is reduced when she does so.

e)

Darius wears his seatbelt because his driving teacher cited accident statistics in class.

71.
What is observational learning?
a)
Learning from reading books
b)
Learning behavior but not showing behavior until rewarded
c)
Learning from the associations of stimuli
d)
Learning by watching the behavior of another person, or model
72.

A maladaptive behavior is one that:

a)

is destructive to yourself or others and inhibits a person to adjust to particular situations

b)

occurs without a rational basis

c)

is troublesome to other people

d)

is so different it violates a norm

73.
Which of the following describe the Id?
a)
primitive
b)
learned 
c)
slow to react
74.
Which of the following describes the Super Ego?
a)
ensuring the ideal self
b)
ensuring immediate fulfilment
c)
ensuring fun and sex
75.
Defence Mechanisms protect the _________ (fill in the blank) 
a)
Id
b)
mind
c)
super ego
d)
Ego
76.
This theory holds that bodily needs create either states of tension or arousal.
a)
Yerkes-Dodson Law
b)
Zuckerman's Proposal
c)
Drive Reduction Theory
d)
Instinct Theory
77.

Which of the following needs in Maslow's hierarchy refers to the drive to become what one is capable of becoming?

a)

A) social

b)

B) self-actualization

c)

C) physiological

d)

D) esteem

78.
The DSM-V is a diagnostic guide that:
a)
 describes psychological disorders and their prevalence.
b)
describes psychological disorders and their causes.
c)
 describes only disorders that have medical causes.
d)
   has been shown to have poor reliability and validity.
79.
Years after he barely survived a terrorist attack that killed his wife and two children, Mr. Puskari suffers recurring flashbacks and frequent nightmares of the event that render him incapable of holding a steady job. Mr. Puskari is most clearly showing signs of: 
a)
 obsessive-compulsive disorder.
b)
 generalized anxiety disorder.
c)
 post-traumatic stress disorder.
d)
dysthymic disorder.
80.
Elaine feels that her life is empty.  She has lost all interest in her career and hobbies, and wonders if she would be better off dead. She is most likely suffering from: 
a)
   a dissociative identity disorder.
b)
 a generalized anxiety disorder.
c)
 an antisocial personality disorder.
d)
 a mood disorder.
81.
Mr. James believes that people are constantly laughing at him and that FBI agents are trying to steal his life savings. Mr. James is most clearly suffering from: 
a)
  compulsions.
b)
  catatonia.
c)
 delusions.
d)
   hallucinations.
82.
Elmer, the owner of an auto service station, suddenly began smashing the front fenders and hoods of two customers' cars. When asked why, he excitedly explained that he was transforming the cars into “real racing machines.” When an employee tried to restrain him, he shouted that everybody was fired and quickly began breaking the car windows. Elmer is exhibiting symptoms of
a)
somatic symptom disorder.
b)
catatonia.
c)
a panic attack.
d)
mania
83.
One cluster of personality disorders marked by noticeably odd or eccentric behavior is exemplified by the ________ personality disorder.
a)
avoidant
b)
narcissistic
c)
schizoid
d)
antisocial
84.
Esteban hears voices encouraging him to steal from stores. He is experiencing which of these?
a)
denial
b)
obsessions
c)
anxiety
d)
hallucinations
85.
Compulsions are best described as...
a)
persistent fears
b)
repetitive behaviors
c)
delusions
d)
hallucinations 
86.
What disorder is characterized by shallow emotions and lack of conscience? 
a)
antisocial personality
b)
schizophrenia
c)
dissociative identity
d)
Munchausen's
87.

John has made a career of stealing older people's retirement money by taking advantage of their trust and selling them phony retirement investments. John explains that he has done nothing wrong—if these people were not so greedy, they would not be so eager to invest in his phony schemes. In his mind, his victims got exactly what they deserved. John's behavior and attitude are typical of someone with ______ personality disorder.

a)

schizoid

b)

schizotypal

c)

passive-aggressive

d)

antisocial

88.

A hospital patient was diagnosed as suffering from schizophrenia because she was having both delusions and hallucinations. What type of symptoms are these?

a)

atypical

b)

positive

c)

negative

d)

a mix of positive and negative

89.

______ schizophrenia is characterized by delusions of persecution, grandeur, and jealousy, together with hallucinations.

a)

Disorganized

b)

Paranoid

c)

Residual

d)

Catatonic

90.

In which disorder does a person seem to experience at least two or more distinct personalities existing in one body?

a)

schizophrenia

b)

panic disorder

c)

depersonalization

d)

dissociative identity disorder

91.

Shreen is diagnosed with schizophrenia. She believes that she is a powerful person who can save the world. Shreen is experiencing __________.

a)

delusions of persecution

b)

delusions of grandeur

c)

delusions of reference

d)

delusions of influence

92.
In psychoanalysis, an emotional attachment to the therapist that symbolically represents other important relationships is called
a)
resistance
b)
identification
c)
transference
d)
free association
93.

A therapist that engages in active listening, non-directive therapy, and has unconditional positive regard for the client is probably

a)

cognitive

b)

behavioral

c)

humanistic

d)

psychodynamic

94.
Carena has a bad habit of biting her fingernails until her fingers bleed and have sores. Her therapist is teaching her how to not bite and pick at her fingernails using various learning principles. Her therapist is using
a)
behavioral therapy
b)
psychoanalysis
c)
humanistic therapy
d)
cognitive therapy
95.
Treating disorders with medicine and surgery is known as
a)
cognitive therapy
b)
humanistic therapy
c)
biomedical therapy
d)
psychoanalysis
96.
If a man who is a heavy smoker is given an electric shock every time he takes a puff on a cigarette, which behavior-modification techniques is being used?
a)
systematic desensitization
b)
modeling
c)
aversive conditioning
d)
punishment therapy
97.
A teacher taught her students to take turns by giving them stars to trade for snacks at the end of the day. This technique is 
a)
systematic desensitization
b)
token economy
c)
classical conditioning
d)
humanistic therapy
98.
The role of the therapist in cognitive therapy is to
a)
identify the client’s irrational beliefs and provide alternative ways of believing
b)
provide unconditional positive regard so that the healthy growth-promoting tendencies of the client may be activated
c)
provide a model of effective functioning and reinforce the client for positive changes
d)
prescribe psychoactive drugs that can reduce the level of psychotic ideation
99.
Ann is suffering from depression and no psychological or drug therapies are working to alleviate her symptoms.  The biomedical technique of ____ may be used as a last resort.
a)
flooding
b)
systematic desensitization
c)
electroconvulsive therapy
d)
psychosurgery
100.
 Saying whatever comes to mind, even if it seems senseless, painful, or embarrassing, is part of the Freudian technique known as
a)
unconditional positive regard
b)
free association
c)
non-directive therapy
d)
transference

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