WorksheetsVertebrates
Total questions: 56
Worksheet time: 38mins
Vertebrates share basic chordate characteristics:
Post-anal tail
Pharyngeal gill slits
Dorsal hollow nerve cord
Notochord
A skull
Name the part:
Notochord
Post-anal tail
Dorsal hollow nerve cord
Pharyngeal pouches & slits
Name the part with the red arrow:
Notochord
Post-anal Tail
Dorsal Hollow Nerve Cord
Pharyngeal Pouches & Slits
Name the part marked in red:
Pharyngeal Pouches & Slits
Post-anal Tail
Dorsal Hollow Nerve Cord
Notochord
Name the part marked in red:
Dorsal Hollow Nerve Cord
Notochord
Post-anal Tail
Pharyngeal Pouches & Slits
What is different about a vertebrates head compared to invertebrates?
Big eyes
Tongue present
Skull surrounding the brain
Ears present
The endoskeleton:
Is made of cartilage or bone
Grows with the animal
Does not grow with the animal
Does not provide internal support
Vertebrates have a:
Closed circulatory system
Open circulatory
No circulatory system
Small circulatory system
A unique group of embryonic cells called the ____________ gives rise to sensory structures and head structures.
Neural Crest
Ovary Cells
Duct Cells
Ovary Crest
Definition of Paedomorphosis
Evolutionary retention of juvenile/larval traits in adult body
Attain sexual maturity in juvenile form
Sessile adults with no chordate features
Lack the specialised vertebrate features
Class Petromyzontida - Lampreys ("stone suckers") have a long larval period of ___________.
3-17 Years
2-9 Years
18 Months
4 Years
Characteristics of Class Cephalaspidomorphi - Lampreys (head-shield):
Jawless fishes
Jawed fishes
Some are parasitic
Use anticoagulant
Rasp through fish flesh & suck body fluids
Class Myxini:
Are Hagfish
Are Blind
Are Jawless
Tie knots in their body for leverage
What are some characteristics of Superclass Agnatha?
Jawless fishes
Notochord persists throughout life
7 paired pore-like gill openings
Skeleton made of bone
Digestive with a stomach
Which are not characteristics of Superclass Agnatha?
Cartilaginous skeleton
Heart with one atrium, one ventricle
Paired appendages
Notochord does not persist throughout life
Dorsal nerve cord with differentiated brain
Superclass Agnatha consists of:
Hagfishes (Myxini)
Lampreys (Cephalaspidomorphi)
Ray-finned Fishes (Actinopterygii)
Lobe-finned Fishes (Sarcoptergii)
Class Chondrichthyes include:
Sharks
Chimaeras
Rays
Spiny Fishes
Armoured Fishes
Jaws are one of the most important developments in vertebrate. What are the advantages of jaws?
Allows biting off of chunks of larger organisms
Allows manipulation of objects
Bone is stronger than cartilage
Assists in respiration
In the evolution of the vertebrates from invertebrate chordates, the likely sequence of events is:
Adult urochordate > larval cephalochordate > jawless fishes > bony fishes > cartilaginous fishes
Adult cephalochordate > larval urochordate > bony fishes > jawless fishes > cartilaginous fishes
Larval urochordate > cephalochordate > jawless fishes > jawed fishes > bony fishes
Osteichthyes > chondrichthyes > urochordate > agnathan > ceopahlochordates
Class Chondrichthyes: Subclass Elasmobranchii - True Sharks & Rays: What are some characteristics of this subclass?
Stomach in two sections
Most swim to ventilate gills
2-chambered heart
Large internal surface area
Spiracle, gills & gill slits present
Sharks have a heterocercal tail. What does this mean?
That one lobe is larger than the other and is an extension of the vertebral column
That both lobes are the same size and are an extension of the vertebral column
Some benefits of a heterocercal tail in locomotion for sharks are:
Provides thrust & lift as moved through water
For gliding through the water at considerable speeds and propelling the animal forward
Allows the shark to sink to the floor
Ability to swim backwards
Some disadvantages of a heterocercal tail in locomotion for sharks are:
Will sink if not swimming forward
Pectoral fins cannot swivel like fish
Low manoeuvrability
Can only rapidly swim
One of the primary differences between sharks and other fish is:
Sharks have skeletons made of cartilage, while other fish have skeletons made of bone
Sharks are able to breathe through their mouths underwater, while other fish breathe through gills
Sharks have smooth skin similar to humans, while other fish have large, scaly skin
Most fish have a gas swim bladder to prevent them from sinking to the bottom of the ocean. Sharks (Elasmobranchii) do not have a swim bladder, what methods do they use for buoyancy?
Livers, filled with an oil
Their fins
Their cartilaginous skeleton
Respiration
Sharks have __________, bony, spiny projections with an enamel-like covering, making up their teeth & skin.
Placoid Scales
Cosmoid Scales
Cycloid Scales
Ganoid Scales
The scales of sharks and rays (Elasmobranchii):
Help direct the flow of water
Are modified teeth covered with hard enamel
Grow out of the dermis layer
Grow out of the epidermis layer
Are soft to touch
The scales of a cartilaginous fish like sharks:
Are called dermal denticles
Resemble teeth
Feel like sandpaper
All of the above
The spiral valve is:
A structure in the heart that prevents blood from flowing backwards in sharks
A corkscrew shaped structure that increases the surface area of the shark intestine
The covering of the gills in the bony fishes
A corkscrew shaped structure that increases the surface area of the perch intrestine
The sensory organs that sense electrical fields in sharks (Elasmobranchii) are called:
Lateral Line System
Nares
Kidneys
Ampullae of Lorenzini
Sharks (Elasmobranchii) use _____________ over the head & along the side of the body to sense pressure changes in water/movement of prey.
Lateral line system
Ampullae of Lorenzini
Kidneys
Nares
Class Elasmobranchii (Sharks, Rays & Chimera) are:
Oviparous (egg bearing)
Viviparous (live bearing)
Both
Class Elasmobranchii (Sharks, Rays & Chimera). Methods of embryo nourishment include:
Yolk sac
Produce extra eggs for young to feed on
The Placenta - Obtains nutrients direct from mother
Uterine lining secretes a nutritive substance
Embryos can be cannibals
Some major innovations of boney fish (Classes Actinopterygii & Sarcopterygii) are:
Operculum pumps water over gills
Lungs/Swim Bladder
Pectoral & pelvic girdles support fins
High manoeuvrability
Good 02 uptake
The 2 main groups of bony fish (Classes Actinopterygii & Sarcopterygii) are:
Lobe-finned – Lungfish and Coelacanth
Ray-finned – majority of bony fish
Sharks, rays & Chimeras
Lampreys - all types
What are some characteristics of Ray-finned fish? (Class Actinopterygii)
Fin rays of cartilage or bone
Fin rays of cartilage
Swim bladder for buoyancy
2-chambered heart
Can't synthesise amino acids - must consume them
What are some differences in locomotion between Cartilaginous fish and Bony fish?
Sharks use their fins for locomotion & buoyancy, bony fish use their fins only for locomotion
Sharks tend to sink due to lacking a swim bladder, bony fish have a swim bladder
Sharks use their fins for locomotion & buoyancy, bony fish also use their fins for locomotion & buoyancy
Sharks tend to sink due to lacking a swim bladder, bony fish tend to sink due to bones
Bony fish achieve ________________ through an air filled sac called the swim bladder. It controls the fish's buoyancy by varying the gas pressure inside the fish's body to allow it to sink or rise in the water.
Neutral Buoyancy
Positive Buoyancy
Negative Buoyancy
Class Amphibia: Problems associated with life on land:
Obtaining & conserving water
Need watery environment for reproduction
Gills do not function in air - dry out and collapse
Trouble supporting their body weight on land
Control and/or tolerance of changes in body temperature
Amphibians made the move to land because there were no predators and it was easier to find shelter for young/eggs.
True
False
Class amphibia: Pre-adaptations for life on land of the devonian fishes included:
Lungs
Double circulation system
Muscular & bony fins
Pelvic & pectoral girdles
Well-developed kidneys
What are some major characteristics of amphibians?
Cutaneous Respiration
Limbs
3-chambered Heart
Skin
Pulmonary Veins
Amphibians are ___________. They regulate their body temperature behaviourally, not via metabolism.
Ectothermic
Endothermic
Reptiles were the first really successful colonisers of terrestrial environment. What are some of the major innovations?
Amniotic egg
Scales/bony plates
Crushing jaws
Limbs
Teeth
Turtles, Lizards, Snakes have ____ chambered hearts, while crocodiles have a _____ chambered-heart.
3, 4
4, 3
2, 3
3, 2
The amniotic eggs of reptiles are important for living in a wide variety of environments. Which membrane is responsible for the exchange of respiratory gases and the retention of water?
Chorion
Amnion
Yolk Sac
Allantois
The amniotic eggs of reptiles are important for living in a wide variety of environments. Which membrane is responsible for encasing the developing embryo in a fluid-filled cavity?
Chorion
Amnion
Yolk Sac
Allantois
The amniotic eggs of reptiles are important for living in a wide variety of environments. Which membrane is responsible for providing food for the embryo?
Chorion
Amnion
Yolk Sac
Allantois
The amniotic eggs of reptiles are important for living in a wide variety of environments. Which membrane is responsible for surrounding the cavity that collects wastes products secreted by the embryo?
Chorion
Amnion
Yolk Sac
Allantois
The 3 different arrangements of jaw muscles in reptiles are:
Anapsid (no holes)
Synapsid (1 hole)
Diapsid (2 holes)
Triapsid (3 holes)
Monoapsid (1 hole)
An example of an animal with an Anapsid jaw is:
Turtle
Mammal-like reptile
Lizard
Bird
An example of an animal with a Synapsid jaw is:
Turtle
Mammal-like reptile
Snake
Crocodile
Some examples of an animal with a Diapsid jaw are:
Turtles
Dinosaurs
Snakes
Birds
Crocodiles
In some reptiles, the incubation _____________ of eggs during 2nd trimester determines sex.
Temperature
Period
Environment
What are the 4 orders of modern reptiles?
Rhyncocephalia (NZ only)
Crocodylia
Chelonia
Squamata
Elasmobranchii
This type of reptile is the oldest living form of reptile, and it has changed little in over 200 million years.
Crocodilians
Turtles
Lizards
Snakes
