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WorksheetsNeurophysiology, CNS, PNS, and Lesion Localization
Total questions: 42
Worksheet time: 21mins
While the Central Nervous System entails the brain and spinal cord, what is involved with the Peripheral Nervous System? Select all that apply.
Cerebrum and Cerebellum
Afferent and Efferent Motor Neurons
Somatic and Autonomic Nervous System
Cranial and Spinal nerves
Which of the following statements is incorrect of the Peripheral Nervous System? Select all that apply.
The sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions are associated with the autonomic nervous system of the afferent motor division
The parasympathetic division involves a few spinal nerves (III, VII, IX, X) and the cranial nerves of the sacral region
The somatic division involves the voluntary regulation of body movements as a response to stimuli received and delivered to the CNS
The peripheral nervous system's role is to interpret information from stimuli received and instruct and generate responses
True or False: The brain consists of the cerebrum, cerebellum, corpus medulum, and brain stem.
True
False
Which of the following is an incorrect statement?
The abducens cranial nerve is a mixed cranial nerve, composing of both motor and sensory functions
The glossopharyngeal cranial nerve is numbered IX or 9
The hypoglossal cranial nerve is a motor nerve associated with motor function and not sensory function
The vestibulocochlear cranial nerve is associated with only sensory function and not motor function
Which of the following is false about the brain?
It is associated with Central Nervous System, which includes both the brain and spinal cord
It is composed of various components involved in the perception of stimuli, response generation, coordination and movement, and filtering out impulses received
The brainstem is made up of the pons and medulla (medulla oblongota)
Has extending cranial nerves (I - XII) that contain motor, sensory, or mixed functions
True or False: The axon hillock generates an active potential based on the change in the electric potential of the neuron, as the neuron must become less negative.
True
False
While motor neurons can be classified as __________ as they are found in the ventral root of the spinal cord, sensory neurons can be classified as _________ as they are located in the dorsal root of the spinal cord,
Afferent, Efferent
Efferent, Afferent
Dorsal, Ventral
Ventral, Dorsal
Which of the following is true of motor neurons? Select all that apply.
They are found in the ventral root of the spinal cord
Are composed of multipolar morphologies
Function to relay responses to muscles and glands within the somatic and visceral nervous divisions of the nervous system
They are found in the dorsal root of the spinal cord
When a neurotransmitter is received in the post-synaptic terminals, and an excitatory postsynaptic potential is generated, the overall membrane potential of the neuron will -?
Become less negative, and inhibit the generation of an action potential
Become more negative, and stimulate the generation of an action potential
Become more positive, and stimulate the generation of an action potential
Become less positive, and inhibit the generation of an action potential
Calcium plays what role in the transmission of neurotransmitters from the axon terminal into the synaptic cleft to enter the postsynaptic terminals of an adjacent neuron?
Allow the fusion of vesicled-neurotransmitters to fuse and be released into the synaptic cleft
Decrease the negativity of the neuron allowing for the generation of an action potential
Enable oligodendrocytes and schwann cells to participate in saltatory conduction
Increase the negativity of the neuron, preventing the over stimulation and generation of action potentials
True or False: Conduction velocity is directly proportional to the square root of the diameter in myelinated cells.
True
False
The ability of neurons to return to their resting membrane potential following the transmission of an action potential along the axon, is due to -? Select all that apply.
Sodium/ Potassium ATPase
Potassium channel proteins
Pressure to maintain homeostasis
Astrocytes and Ependymal cells
True or False: The nodes of ranvier serve as the areas between the myelinated axon where saltatory conduction occurs.
True
False
True or False: The somatic motor neurons of the PNS control voluntary movements, with a reduced consciousness of exerted stimuli.
True
False
While not inherited or born with, these somatic reflexes are acquired over time due to persistent or repeated stimuli sensation, and only stimulate skeletal muscle. What types of reflexes are these? Select all that apply.
Inborn
Learned
Somatic
Autonomic
Which of the following are examples of inborn reflexes? Select all that apply.
Light reflex, the constriction of the iris in response to bright light
Rooting reflex, head turning and sucking movements of infants
Hiccup, reflex spasms of the diaphragm along with quick close of the glottis
Yawning, involuntary intake of air triggered by boredom or fatigue
Which of the following can be classified as a learned reflex? Select all that apply.
Blinking reflex, closes and open the eyes rapidly
Reflexor motor actions from driving a car or riding a bike
Salivation
Gag reflex, response to stimulation of soft palate or posterior pharynx
True or False: Reflexes require cortical awareness.
True
False
While the spinal nerves of the thoracolumbar regions of the spine are associated with the ____________ division, the cranial and spinal nerves associated with the brain and sacrum are associated with the ____________ division.
Sympathetic, Parasympathetic
Parasymapthetic, Sympathetic
Autonomic, Somatic
Somatic, Autonomic
The sympathetic and parasympathetic aspects of the nervous system are subdivisions of -?
Subdivision of the autonomic division of the motor aspect of the Peripheral Nervous system
Subdivision of the somatic division of the motor aspect of the Peripheral Nervous system
Subdivision of the autonomic division of the sensory aspect of the Peripheral Nervous system
Subdivision of the somatic division of the sensory aspect of the Peripheral Nervous system
Cranial nerves 3, 7, 10 and 9, are associated with the _____________ division of the autonomic nervous system.
Parasympathetic
Sympathetic
Visceral
Somatic
Gray matter is associated with what portion of the neuron? Select all that apply.
Postsynaptic terminals
Perikaryon
Membrane bound organelles of the neuron
Presynaptic terminals
White matter is composed of what aspect of the neuron? Select all that apply.
Schwann cells
Axon
Presynaptic terminals
Soma
True or False: The nodes of ranvier are the areas between the myelinated sheaths along the axon that only serve as the areas of channel openings.
True
False
Which of the following is incorrect of action potential propagation along the axon?
Depolarization, due to increased neuronal positivity, opening Sodium channels to allow those cations into the neuron
Repolarization, or the release of Potassium ions from the neuron
Hyperpolarization, the intake of Potassium ions from the extracellular space
The accumulation of enough IPSP's to increase the positivity of the neuron to generate an action potential
Which of the following is true of the synaptic cleft? Select all that apply.
Formed between the communicating ends of the pre- and postsynaptic terminals of adjacent neurons
The presynaptic clefts can only release neurotransmitters in a hypercalcemic state
Encompasses the area of release of neurotransmitters to bind at their specific receptors on the dendrites of another neuron
Functions to transport neurotransmitters from one synapse to another until it reaches its destination
What is the role of this portion of brain? Hint: this structure is caudal to the cerebrum, and dorsal to the brainstem.
Coordination, fine tuning of movement
Perceives sensory information and generates a response
Serves as a relay center that filters out sensory information
Enables the left and right hemispheres to communicate with one another
What is the function of the portion of the brain located ventrally to the pituitary gland in the diagram?
Relay center that filters out sensory information
Perceives sensory information and initiates a response
Coordination, fine tuning of movement
Enables the left and right hemispheres of the brain to communicate with one another
What is the function of the area in yellow?
Coordination, fine tuning movement
Relay center that filters out sensory information
Allows the communication of the hemispheres of the brain with one another
Perceives sensory information, and generates a response
Which of the following statements is incorrect?
Seizures can be related to issues within the cerebral cortex, that could be due to inflammation or a lack of blood supply
Seizures can be related to kidney failure as wastes are not removed and can act as neurotransmitters
More muscles can be found in the limbs than in the face
The vestibular nerve, which functions to provide balance, can be impaired due to lesions
Which of the following is not true of vestibular disease?
Head tilt, where one ear is higher than the other
Vestibular nerve impairment due to a lesion, causing imbalance
Knuckling due to a proprioceptive deficit
Ataxia due to lack of voluntary muscle movement/ control
True or False: The majority of nerves are found deep within the body, as they are highly protected.
True
False
What clinical sign can be determined from the following image?
Ectropion
Strabismus
Hyperreflexia
Entropion
What clinical sign can be determined from the following image?
Atrophy
Monoplegia
Fasciculation
Hemiplegia
If a lesion were present along the lower motor neuron component of the peripheral nervous system, what would happen? Select all that apply.
Paralysis could occur
Hyporeflexia or areflexia
Hyperreflexia
Atrophy
If a lesion were present in upper motor neuron aspect of the peripheral nervous system, what would occur? Select all that apply.
Hyperreflexia, as the brain is unable to inhibit the reflex arc
Hypertonia of the muscle, as it will spasm and contract upon stimulation
Minimal muscular atrophy
Hyporeflexia or areflexa
Which of the following is false of the upper motor neurons?
They are found within the central nervous system, and the main source of voluntary movement as they regulate lower motor neuron's impulse to the muscle
Send information down to interneurons that pass it to the lower motor neurons (alpha or gamma)
Lesions can be brought on by spinal cord or brain injuries, and strokes as examples
Directly signals muscles to contract or relax
The MRI results of your 9 yr old FS DSH patient are in. Following a stroke, a large area of necrotic tissue is revealed on the MRI. Which of the following clinical signs could occur following this?
Paresis or Paralysis
Hyperreflexia
Severe muscular atrophy
Hyporeflexia or areflexia
An owner manages to bring his horse, and upon examination, you observe an obvious proprioceptive deficit in the right hindlimb (and an inability to bear weight on that limb). Which of the following could be true for this injury?
An upper motor lesion occurred in the descending ventral root of the spinal cord, which directly innervates the muscle
An lower motor neuron lesion occurred in the dorsal root of the spinal cord, which is associated with the sensory portion of the PNS
A lesion occurred in the efferent nerves of the spinal cord, leading to a decreased reflex ability and potential paralysis of the limb
A lesion occurred in the afferent nerves leading to an increased sensory reception and hyperreflexia
The following pet is presented to you as a HBC (Hit By Car) overnight during emergency hours. What major nerve would you suspect is impaired or injured, based on the patient's presentation?
Radial nerve
Femoral nerve
Ulnar nerve
Median nerve
Which of the following is true based on the following radiograph, given that the vertebrae are fractured and their is partial communication between the components the nervous system?
All limbs will experience hyperreflexia, hypertonia of the muscles, and paralysis
Hyporeflexia/ areflexia, paralysis, or severe/ acute muscular atrophy in the forelimbs only
Normal thoracic limbs response/ reflexes, but signs like hyperreflexia, hypertonia and paresis in the both hindlimbs
Normal thoracic limb response/ reflexes, but paralysis in both the hindlimbs
What nerves are most at risk based on the spinal fracture apparent in the following radiograph?
C1 to C5
C6 to T2
T3 to L3
L4 to S2
