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Field Bio- Aquatic Ecology Review

Total questions: 139

Worksheet time: 1hrs 29mins

Name
Class
Date
1.
What percentage of Earth’s water is freshwater?
a)
75%
b)
3%
c)
1%
d)
97%
2.
Where is most water found on Earth?
a)
glaciers
b)
lakes
c)
rivers
d)
oceans
3.
The oceans absorb much of the sunlight reaching Earth.  When water in the oceans absorb sunlight and heat up, what process can happen to the water?
a)
accumulation
b)
condensation
c)
evaporation
d)
precipitation
4.
What part of the water cycle does this picture show?
a)
condensation
b)
precipitation
c)
evaporation
5.
What part of the water cycle does this picture show?
a)
condensation
b)
precipitation
c)
evaporation
6.

Clouds or dew form when water __________________.

a)

evaporates

b)

transpires

c)

condenses

d)

precipitates

7.

Most of Earths fresh water is stored in?

a)

Lakes

b)

Rivers

c)

Ice caps and glaciers

d)

Groundwater

8.

When water vapor cools to a liquid, what is happening?

a)

evaporation

b)

sublimation

c)

condensation

d)

precipitation

9.

When water soaks into the ground this is known as ___________

a)

evaporation

b)

groundwater flow

c)

infiltration

d)

surface runoff

10.

The flow of water over the land is known as

a)

groundwater runoff

b)

surface runoff

c)

streamflow

d)

infiltration

11.

Hard impervious surfaces reduces the amount of ____________.

a)

streamflow

b)

surface runoff

c)

precipitation

d)

infiltration

12.

The number one consumptive water use in the U.S. is

a)

household

b)

irrigation for agriculture

c)

industrial

d)

hydroelectricity

13.

What are two ways that water can enter the atmosphere?

a)

Condensation and Precipitation

b)

Evaporation and Transpiration

c)

Condensation and Transpiration

d)

Evaporation and Condensation

14.
The water beneath the Earth’s surface.
a)
Ground Water
b)
Crust Water
c)
Core Water
d)
Earth Water
15.
What is the process of water exiting the plants leaves and entering the atmosphere as water vapor?
a)
Perspiration
b)
Transformation
c)
Transpiration
d)
Evaporation
16.

Streamflow is calculated by

a)

distance divided by time

b)

velocity times distance

c)

cross-sectional area times velocity

d)

time divided by velocity

17.

Which of the following are factors that influence streamflow?

a)

precipitation

b)

withdrawals for irrigation

c)

evaporation

d)

runoff

e)

all of these

18.

True or False. Water is a renewable resource and is UNLIMITED.

a)

True

b)

False

19.

The legal system that determines who can use water is called

a)

water cycle

b)

water rights

c)

rule of law

d)

hydrograph

20.

In Oregon what water right system is in place?

a)

Prior Appropriation Doctorine

b)

Riparian Rights Doctorine

c)

Multiple Use Doctorine

d)

Equal Sharing Doctorine

21.

Which of the following gives first to use water, rights to the water?

a)

Prior Appropriation

b)

Riparian Rights

c)

Equal Shares

d)

Multiple Use

22.

Which of the following gives those that live next to the water, rights to the water?

a)

Prior Appropriation

b)

Riparian Rights

c)

Equal Rights

d)

Multiple Use

23.

Which of the following is an appropriate unit for streamflow?

a)

volume

b)

feet per second

c)

cubic feet per second

d)

second per square feet

24.

True are False. Determining water rights is difficult because water is limited with multiple demands for use.

a)

True

b)

False

25.

True or False. Maintaining streamflow is important to wildlife and the ecological functions of the stream.

a)

True

b)

False

26.

The vegetative corridor next to the stream is called the

a)

groundwater

b)

riparian area

c)

floodplain

d)

upland

27.

Animal waste (poop) from farms carried by runoff into streams will results in...

a)

high dissolved oxygen

b)

low nitrogen

c)

low turbidity

d)

high fecal coliform (e-coli bacteria)

28.

Low amounts of _________ is associated with excellent water quality...

a)

DO

b)

Current

c)

Phosphates

d)

Biodiversity

29.
Water with excellent quality would have high levels of...
a)
nitrates
b)
DO
c)
Temperature
d)
Phosphates
30.
What conditions make algae grow in a lake?
a)
high DO
b)
low turbidity
c)
high phosphates
d)
low nitrates
31.

I have two tails. I am a sensitive macro...

a)

stonefly

b)

alderfly

c)

mayfly

d)

scud

32.
_______ tells how acidic or basic water is. 
a)
pH
b)
acid
c)
solute
d)
solvent
33.

_________________ is the primary federal law for setting standards of what constitutes surface water pollution. It protects fish and wildlife that live in and around water sources.

a)

Clean Water Act of 1972

b)

Turbidity

c)

Non Point Source Pollution

d)

Safe Drinking Water Act of 1974

34.
____________ refers to how much sediment is suspended in the water, or how cloudy it is. 
a)
turbidity
b)
pollution
c)
nitrates
d)
point source pollution
35.

Which is NOT a source of nitrates and phosphates entering streams?

a)

fertilizer runoff

b)

cow manure and goose droppings

c)

sewage plant wastewater

d)

they are all sources

36.

Which of the following is NOT a desired effect in streams?

a)

a pH of about neutral

b)

high BOD

c)

high temperature

d)

low nitrates

37.

Water with high turbidity

a)

makes it easier for fish to obtain food

b)

increases the oxygen in the stream

c)

clogs the gills of fish and macros

d)

keeps the water cool

38.
The organism that indicates the water quality is a
a)
Water tester
b)
Biological indicator
c)
Water indicator
d)
Biological tester
39.

What could cause water temperature to increase?

a)

Hot summers

b)

Increased Dissolved Oxygen

c)

High levels of turbidity

d)

Shade from trees along riparian zones

40.

What type of pH value would is toxic to most freshwater aquatic organisms?

a)

pH = 7

b)

pH = 8.5

c)

pH = 5

d)

pH = 6.5

41.
Which of the following is NOT a benefit of a riparian area?
a)
provides habitat
b)
leaves provide shade and food
c)
stores and filters water
d)
all of these are a benefit
42.
Biodiversity means...
a)
variety of life
b)
high sensitivity 
c)
water quality
d)
low tolerance
43.
Macroinvertebrates are excellent biological indicators because
a)
some are sensitive to pollution
b)
they are common in all bodies of water
c)
they are easy to collect and give long term water quality info
d)
all of the above
44.
In order for a stream to be considered of high quality, macroinvertebrates should include
a)
sensitive macros
b)
tolerant macro
c)
high biodiversity 
d)
high biodiversity AND sensitive macros
45.
How would adding a riparian area lower the turbidity of a stream?
a)
temperature is decreased
b)
erosion is decreased
c)
more leaves are provided for food
d)
by providing more habitat
46.

Which of the following are considered essential plant nutrients? (Choose two)

a)

D.O.

b)

pH

c)

phosphates

d)

nitrates

e)

fecal coliform

47.

Which of the following are true regarding macroinvertebrates?

a)

they are too small to see

b)

some are sensitive and others are tolerant

c)

they are "middlemen" in the stream food web

d)

they are poor indicators of water quality

e)

they live in many different microhabitats in a stream

48.

A good riparian area will have...

a)

plants with shallow roots

b)

trees and shrubs with deep roots

c)

a variety of native plants and animals

d)

some invasive species

49.

Riparian areas are important because

a)

add food to the stream food web

b)

increase runoff and flooding

c)

increase turbidity

d)

they reduce erosion

50.

When sampling for macros you should collect from

a)

bottom substrates, like gravel

b)

grasses and other vegetation in the water

c)

in deep pools

d)

in riffles

e)

all of these

51.

Sensitive macroinvertebrates

a)

tend to use a snorkel technique to survive in water

b)

like high levels of nutrients in the water

c)

can only survive in water that is clean and free of pollutants

d)

include leaches and snails

52.

Range of tolerance is

a)

the level of pollution in a stream

b)

the acceptable levels a species needs to survive

c)

the level of dissolved oxygen and temperature of the water

d)

the levels a species will die or be harmed by

53.

A stream food web includes

a)

shredders that break down leaves

b)

collectors that consume fine organic molecules

c)

grazers that feed on algae that grows on substrates

d)

predators that eat other organisms

e)

all of these

54.

Which of the following is usually considered a sensitive macroinvertebrate?

a)

mayfly

b)

crayfish

c)

scud

d)

midge

55.

I have three tales and gills on my abdomen...

a)

stonefly

b)

damselfly

c)

dragonfly

d)

mayfly

56.

Which of the following are threats to riparian areas?

a)

invasive species

b)

climate change

c)

human development

d)

native plants and animals

57.

Which of the following increase the biochemical oxygen demand of a body of water?

a)

high temperatures

b)

animal waste in runoff

c)

Too much dissolved oxygen and high flow

d)

High amounts of leaf little decomposing in a stream

58.

I have a flattened side, swim on my side, and I am somewhat tolerant of pollution

a)

mayfly

b)

stonefly

c)

scud

d)

midge

59.

Which of the following is NOT a biological indicator?

a)

salmon

b)

D.O. levels

c)

fecal coliform

d)

sensitive macros

60.

I breathe using the scuba method. I look like a worm, but have prolegs. I am tolerant to pollution.

a)

stonefly

b)

caddisfly

c)

scud

d)

midge

61.

Smaller streams and rivers that feed into a large river or lake are called ________.

a)

Runoff

b)

Watersheds

c)

Tributaries

d)

River Systems

62.

An area of land that is drained by a specified river or other body of water is known as a

a)

Riparian Area

b)

Estuary

c)

Watershed

d)

River

63.

A fish born in freshwater but lives part of its life in saltwater is?

a)

Hydrogenous

b)

Anadromous

c)

Trout

d)

Saltwarer

64.
Which is the correct order for the life cycle of Salmon?
a)
eggs, fry, alevin, smolt, adult, spawning
b)
eggs, smolt, fry, adult, alevin, spawning
c)
eggs, alevin, fry, smolt, adult, spawning
d)
eggs, fry, adult, smolt, spawning, alevin
65.
Which of the following is NOT a salmon habitat requirement?
a)
cool, clear, oxygenated water
b)
sandy river bottom
c)
pools for resting and feeding
d)
adequate food
66.
The nest of a salmon is known as a 
a)
redd
b)
natal
c)
milt
d)
roe
67.

If you are outside by Mill Creek you are standing in which of the following watersheds?

a)

Mill Creek Watershed

b)

Willamette River Watershed

c)

Columbia River Watershed

d)

Santiam River Watershed

68.

Watersheds are made up of

a)

bodies of water

b)

riparian areas

c)

upland

d)

groundwater flow

e)

all of these

69.

High point in elevation in a watershed, separates one watershed from another.

a)

tributary

b)

drainage divide

c)

riparian zone

d)

oxbow lake

70.
Which streams are the smallest and begin at high elevation?
a)
first order streams
b)
second order streams
c)
third order streams
d)
fourth order streams
71.
Which streams are the largest in the watershed?
a)
fourth order streams
b)
third order streams
c)
second order streams
d)
first order streams
72.

These feed on coarse particulate organic material (leaves) floating in a stream. They are commonly found in headwater streams.

a)

shredders

b)

grazers

c)

collectors

d)

predators

73.

These feed on fine material floating in a large, high (6+) order river.

a)

collectors

b)

shredders

c)

grazers

d)

predators

74.

Gradient ______________ as you move from 1st or 2nd order streams downstream to higher order streams or rivers.

a)

increases

b)

decreases

c)

increases and then decreases

d)

stays the same

75.

Mill Creek is a

a)

headwater stream

b)

8 or 9 order stream

c)

midreach stream

d)

ephemeral stream

76.

Which of the following are characteristics of a Large River (six to twelve order stream)?

a)

a lot of coarse particulate organic matter, like leaves, are present

b)

water is turbid and contains fine particulate organic matter

c)

wide channel with a low gradient

d)

contains the highest level of biodiversity in the stream continuum

77.

Streamside vegetation is important to salmon because it provides

a)

cover

b)

temperature regulation

c)

food for invertebrates that are eaten by fish

d)

all of these

78.

Which of the following are characteristics of a midreach (third to fifth order stream)?

a)

contains a mix of algae, coarse and fine particulate organic matter

b)

water is turbid and contains fine particulate organic matter

c)

river is wide with a low gradient

d)

contains the highest level of biodiversity in the stream continuum

79.

Gravel beds are important to salmon because they

a)

speed up water flow

b)

heat up the water

c)

provide spawning habitat

d)

reduce the number of pools

80.

To release or deposit eggs

a)

roe

b)

redd

c)

spawn

d)

milt

81.

True or False. A salmon that has undergone smoltifiation can live in a fresh water river.

a)

True

b)

False

82.

Water flowing over rocks and gravel creates

a)

riffles

b)

runs

c)

pools

d)

glides

83.

Limiting factors for salmon populations include

a)

quantity and quality of spawning gravel beds

b)

food availability

c)

quantity and quality of rearing habitats

d)

all of these

84.

Limiting factors establish the _________ ___________ of a stream, or the maximum salmonid population possible based on available habitat.

a)

habitat preferences

b)

carrying capacity

c)

total population

d)

temperature regulation

85.

Which of the following is an example of good salmon habitat?

a)

spawning areas with lots of sediment

b)

flow of cool, well oxygenated water

c)

unstable stream banks with minimal vegetation.

d)

lot's of direct sunlight

86.

Rock berms and log sills are helpful for creating

a)

runs

b)

riffles

c)

pools

d)

glides

87.

True or False. Every species of salmon has the exact same habitat requirements.

a)

True

b)

False

88.

_____________ are deep, slower areas of water that provide rest areas for salmon.

a)

riffles

b)

runs

c)

pools

d)

glides

89.

Habitat improvement can best be accomplished by adding

a)

silt

b)

large woody debris

c)

dug out channels

d)

cement to the stream banks

90.

These feed on algae and are found most abundantly in midreaches

a)

shredders

b)

collectors

c)

grazers

d)

predators

91.
impervious=
a)
allows fluid to pass through
b)
absorbs water like a sponge
c)
does not allow water to pass through
d)
an angry emotion
92.
filters stormwater runoff slowly before it reaches the water way=
a)
impervious structures
b)
streets
c)
gutters
d)
green infrastructure
93.

Why is stormwater runoff an issue in urban areas?

a)

The rain water goes directly into peoples homes

b)

The rainwater carries pollutants from the cities into waterways

c)

The rainwater can easily be filtered by trees in cities

d)

The rainwater will remove soil from the cities

94.

Bioaccumulation:

a)

a type of pollutant in water

b)

build up of toxin inside of an organism

c)

the process of consuming water

d)

an excess of food in the body

95.
Which is NOT an example of an impervious substance?
a)
Highway
b)
Yards
c)
Sidewalk
d)
Concrete
96.

Point source pollution is...

a)

pollution from all over the world

b)

pollution that is from a single, identifiable point

c)

pollution that comes from an unknown source

97.

Water pollution that comes from many indistinguishable sources is considered...

a)

point source pollution

b)

nonpoint source pollution

c)

thermal pollution

d)

ocean pollution

98.
Chemicals that kill crop-destroying organisms are called _____________.
a)
sediments
b)
fertilizers
c)
acid rain
d)
pesticides
99.

Most water pollution is the result of...

a)

natural processes

b)

animal waste

c)

human activities

d)

acid rain

100.

The largest watershed in Salem is

a)

Mill Creek

b)

Claggett Creek

c)

Battle Creek

d)

none of these

101.

The Mill Creek Watershed lies in the Willamette Valley making the terrain mostly..

a)

steep and hilly

b)

flat with steepest points in the center

c)

flat with steepest points along the edges or boundaries

d)

steep with flat points along the edges or boundaries

102.

Land cover within the Mill Creek Watershed is best described as

a)

agricultural only

b)

urban only

c)

agricultural and urban

d)

heavily forested and urban

103.

Impervious surfaces...

a)

increase evapo-transpiration and runoff

b)

decrease evapo-transpiration and runoff

c)

increase evapo-transportation and decrease runoff

d)

decreased evapo-transpiration and increased runoff

104.
Sediment Pollution is...
a)
Pollution made up of bacteria
b)
Pollution made up of chemicals
c)
Pollution made up of phosphate and nitrate
d)
Pollution made up of too much dirt and land moving into the water
105.
Nutrient Pollution is...
a)
Pollution made up of bacteria
b)
Pollution made up of chemicals
c)
Pollution made up of phosphate and nitrate
d)
Pollution made up of too much dirt and land moving into the water
106.
What is fecal coliform bacteria?
a)
Bacteria that is found in the waste of cold-blooded mammals, occurring in the circulatory area.
b)
Bacteria that is found in the waste of warm-blooded animals (humans), occurring in the digestive area.
c)
Bacteria that tells you the level of nitrogen in your body.
d)
None of the above
107.

Pet waste is a source of

a)

nutrient pollution

b)

fecal coliform pollution

c)

bad taste and odors

d)

all of these

108.

Pesticide pollution is a problem because

a)

it is toxic

b)

it causes too much algae growth

c)

it can contain disease causing organisms

d)

it smothers eggs and redds

109.

Sediment pollution is a problem because

a)

it is toxic

b)

it causes too much algae growth

c)

it can contain disease causing organisms

d)

it smothers eggs and redds

110.

Nutrient pollution is a problem because

a)

it is toxic

b)

it causes too much algae growth

c)

it can contain disease causing organisms

d)

it smothers eggs and redds

111.

Fecal Coliform pollution is a problem because

a)

it is toxic

b)

it causes too much algae growth

c)

it can contain disease causing organisms

d)

it smothers eggs and redds

112.

Lag time is

a)

the time it takes between peak precipitation and peak streamflow

b)

the time it takes for water to soak into the group

c)

the time it takes from the start of a storm until the water is in the stream

d)

the time it takes for streamflow to decline following a rainstorm

113.

Larger watersheds tend to have _______ lag times and _______ peak streamflows compared to smaller watersheds.

a)

shorter, larger

b)

longer, larger

c)

shorter, smaller

d)

longer, smaller

114.

Surface flow, or runoff moves ___________ than subsurface flow.

a)

faster

b)

slower

c)

the same

d)

impossible to tell

115.

Larger watersheds tend to have _______ lag times and _______ peak streamflows compared to smaller watersheds.

a)

shorter, larger

b)

longer, larger

c)

shorter, smaller

d)

longer, smaller

116.

Mill Creek has _______ tributaries which move water _______ to the stream during a rainstorm.

a)

few, slower

b)

few, faster

c)

many, slower

d)

many, faster

117.

Which hydrograph best represents an urban area?

a)

A

b)

B

118.

Forested watersheds have a _______ lag-time and _______ peak streamflows than bare ground.

a)

shorter, higher

b)

longer, lower

c)

shorter, lower

d)

longer, higher

119.

Restoration=

a)

bring back to original condition

b)

make it better than ever

c)

improve the condition

d)

change the form or condition

120.

Why are floodplains, riparian areas, and wetlands so important to urban streams and rivers?

a)

they slow and store water following a storm

b)

they filter pollutants

c)

they provide habitat for many species, including salmon

d)

all of these

121.

This law sets water quality standard and regulates discharges of pollutants into surface waters. Requires a permit to release point-source pollutants.

a)

Safe Drinking Water Act (SDWA)

b)

Clean Water Act (CWA)

c)

Reduced Runoff Act

d)

National Environmental Policy Act (NEPA)

122.

Storm hydrographs typically show...

a)

stream discharge or flow

b)

rainfall or precipitation

c)

subsurface flow

d)

runoff

123.

Urban trees are helpful to stormwater quantity because they

a)

increase infiltration

b)

absorb water through roots

c)

reduce runoff volumes through evapo-transpiration

d)

all of these

124.

Water that soaks into the ground...

a)

moves as subsurface flow

b)

moves more slowly through the watershed

c)

is made available to plants

d)

all of these

125.

Which of the following is NOT an example of green infrastructure?

a)

green-roof

b)

rain-garden

c)

wastewater treatment plant

d)

permeable pavement

126.

True or False, Nonpoint water pollution is the number one water quality problem in the U.S.

a)

True

b)

False

127.

One source of sediment pollution is

a)

construction sites

b)

fertilizers on fields

c)

animal waste

d)

leaky sewers

128.

Which of the following are urban stormwater pollutants that are toxic to aquatic life?

a)

copper

b)

pesticides

c)

petroleum/oil

d)

all of these

129.

Permeable pavement

a)

allows for infiltration of stormwater

b)

can only be used in low traffic areas

c)

can increase groundwater

d)

all of these

130.

Which of the following is a benefit of a floodplain forest?

a)

It provides habitat for fish species

b)

prevents flooding

c)

traps sediment

d)

all of these

131.

Rain gardens are

a)

planted areas that collect stormwater from streets or rooftops

b)

planted areas on roof tops

c)

porous concrete that allows for infiltration

d)

stores and captures stormwater

132.

How has Salem's watershed changed overtime?

a)

loss of forests and grasslands

b)

urban growth

c)

diversions added from Mill Creek

d)

Pipes sometimes carry water to streams

e)

all of these

133.

Salem faces

a)

water quality problems

b)

water quantity problems

c)

water quality and quantity problems

134.

Which of the following is the best example of indirect water use?

a)

washing dishes

b)

production of clothes

c)

tending a garden

d)

showering

e)

cooking a meal

135.

True or False. A majority of water goes towards direct water use by homes and businesses

a)

True

b)

False

136.

The top competing water uses include all the following but

a)

electricity

b)

agriculture

c)

municipal (cities)

d)

industry

137.

Rock or soil areas that hold ground water supplies are called

a)

water tables

b)

lakes or rivers

c)

estuaries

d)

aquifers

138.

These rise and fall as water is added to or removed from an aquifer.

a)

water tables

b)

lakes or rivers

c)

estuaries

d)

aquifers

139.

The Cascade mountains create a __________ in the eastern part of the state, making is more arid than the west.

a)

runoff

b)

estuary

c)

rainshadow

d)

precipitation

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