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WorksheetsAnatomy and Physiology Semester Final Review
Total questions: 78
Worksheet time: 56mins
Superior means...
below
to the left or right
above
The elbow is (location)____ to the shoulder.
Proximal
Distal
Anterior
Lateral
What is the study of the structure and shape of the body.
Anatomy
Physiology
Cytology
Histology
Which is the correct structural order?
tissue-cells-organ-organ system-organism
cells-tissue-organ system-organ
tissue-cells-organ system-organs
cells-tissue-organ-organ system-organism
What are the definitions for anatomy and physiology?
Anatomy=function
Physiology=structure
Anatomy = structure
Physiology = function
Rapid growth during puberty causes your body to release more and more growth hormones. As you grow, more and more growth hormones are released until puberty is reached, and then the hormones stop. What type of feedback system is this?
Positive Feedback Response
Negative Feedback Loop
Explain Homeostasis.
allows for a wildly fluctuating internal environment
is impossible in vertebrates
is the maintenance of a relatively stable internal environment and often incorporates a form of feedback regulation
is the maintenance of a relatively stable external environment and often incorporates a form of feedback regulation
What hormone is produced in the pancreas that lowers blood sugar?
Insulin
Glucagon
Ketones
Glucose
Which of the following is not a tissue example?
organ
muscle
connective
epithelial
When you breathe in air, you inhale oxygen into your lungs and exhale ____.
carbon dioxide
oxygen
nitrogen
carbon monoxide
What is another name for compact bone?
cortical bone, dense bone
cancellous (spongy) bone
short bones
phalanges
A fracture in the shaft of a bone would be a break in the what?
epiphysis
Diaphysis
periosteum
articular cartilage
The organic matrix of bones consists of:
collagenous fibers
protein
polysaccharides
all of the answers
The cells responsible for active erosion of bone minerals are called:
osteocytes
osteoclasts
osteoblasts
osteoblastocytes
What is the primary functions performed by bones?
mineral storage
none of these answers
hormonal production
hematopoiesis
What happens as the activity of osteoblasts(cell that secretes the matrix for bone formation) increases:
the level of calcium in the blood increases
the amount of calcium in bone increases, the level of calcium in the blood decreases
the amount of calcium in bone decreases
How is the homeostasis of blood calcium maintained?
Calcium release from bone is regulated by parathyroid hormone.
Calcitriol regulates the levels of calcium and phosphorus in the blood
Bone resorption by osteoclasts releases calcium into the bloodstream
All of the answers are correct
Sesamoid bones are classified as:
long bones
short bones
irregular bones
flat bones
What fact is true for bone, but not of cartilage?
It is classified as a connective tissue.
It has collagen fibers in its matrix
Canals link blood vessels and cells.
Cells lie in lacunae.
Ligaments connect bone to bone and tendons connect muscles to bone.
True
False
he main function of a tendon is to connect skeletal muscles to bones. Tendons are a type of connective tissue, and the primary building blocks of tendons are collagen fibers.
True
False
Describe long bones.
–longer than wide
–rigid levers acted upon by muscles
–equal in length and width
–glide across one another in multiple directions
–protect soft organs
–curved but wide & thin
–elaborate shapes that don’t fit into the other categories
Irregular Bones are defined as-
–longer than wide
rigid levers acted upon by muscles
–equal in length and width
–glide across one another in multiple directions
–protect soft organs
–curved but wide & thin
–elaborate shapes that don’t fit into the other categories
Describe Short Bones.
–longer than wide
rigid levers acted upon by muscle
–equal in length and width
–glide across one another in multiple directions
–protect soft organs
–curved but wide & thin
–elaborate shapes that don’t fit into the other categories
Describe Flat Bones.
–protect soft organs
–curved but wide & thin
–elaborate shapes that don’t fit into the other categories
–equal in length and width
–glide across one another in multiple directions
–longer than wide
–rigid levers acted upon by muscles
Describe the location of compact (dense) bone
outer shell of long bone
space in the diaphysis of a long bone that contains bone marrow
enlarged ends of a long bone
What is the diaphysis (shaft)?
cylinder of compact bone
outer shell of long bone
enlarged ends of a long bone
minute holes in the bone surface that allow blood vessels to penetrate
What is the structure and function of the epiphyseal plate (growth plate)?
is an area of hyaline cartilage that separates the marrow spaces of the epiphysis and diaphysis
enables growth in length
has an epiphyseal line – in adults, a bony scar that marks where growth plate used to be
all of the answers
When a muscle contracts the bone moved is the bone of insertion
TRUE
FALSE
Muscles often act singly as a prime mover.
TRUE
FALSE
Myofibrils are composed of long proteins including actin, myosin, and titin, and other proteins that hold them together. These proteins are organized into thick and thin filaments called myofilaments, which repeat along the length of the myofibril in sections called sarcomeres.
TRUE
FALSE
Muscle cells have one nucleus and one mitochondrion. Muscle fibers of skeletal muscle contain several nuclei.
TRUE
FALSE
Myoglobin, a protein found in the muscle cells of animals. It functions as an oxygen-storage unit, providing oxygen to the working muscles
TRUE
FALSE
Anaerobic respiration is the first choice of the muscle cell for the production of ATP.
TRUE
FALSE
T tubules run perpendicular to the longitudinal axis of the muscle fiber.)
TRUE
FALSE
Muscle contraction results from an interaction between the actin and myosin filaments that generates their movement relative to one another.
TRUE
FALSE
Muscles with less than normal tone are called spastic.
TRUE
FALSE
An accumulation of lactic acid in the muscle is the result of an oxygen debt.
TRUE
FALSE
A muscles is attached to the femur and the tibia. When the muscles contracts, the knee bends. What is the insertion? Tibia or Femur?
a.tibia attachment is the origin
c.tibia attachment is the insertion
b.femur attachment is the insertion
d. a and b
The origin of a muscle is on the femur, and the insertion is on the tibia. When it contracts, it bends the knee. Its fibers run parallel to the body. What term might be part of its name?
extensor
abductor
flexor
adductor
The plasma membrane of a muscle fiber is called the:
sarcolemma
myofibril
sarcoplasm
sarcomere
Bundles of fine fibers that extend lengthwise along muscle fibers are called:
myofibrils
T tubule
myofilaments
sarcoplasmic reticulum
The smallest contractile unit of muscle is a:
fiber
myofibril
sarcomere
myofilament
The chief function of the T-tubules is to:
provide nutrients to the muscle fiber
allow for the fiber to contract
allow for electrical signals to move deeper into the cell
allow for the generation of new muscle fibers.
The neurotransmitter(s) secreted at the motor end-plates of skeletal muscle is/are:
dopamine
norepinephrine
acetylcholine
all of the answers
The first event to occur in muscle relaxation is:
tropomyosin returns to its original position
myosin cross-bridges are prevented from binding to actin.
the sarcoplasmic reticulum begins actively pumping calcium ions back into its sacs.
acetylcholine is released
The purpose of creatine phosphate in muscle contraction is to:
carry oxygen
store calcium
rotate the cross-bridges
replenish energy supply
A motor unit is most correctly described as a:
sarcomere(s) and a motor neuron.
myofibril(s) and a motor neuron
muscle fiber(s) and a motor neuron
filament(s) and a motor neuron
A contraction in which the tension within the muscle remains the same but the length changes is called a(n):
tonic contraction
isotonic contraction
isometric contraction
tetanic contraction
From smallest to largest, which of the following is the correct order of arrangement of - > fiber, myofibril. myofilament.
fiber, myofibril. myofilament
myofibril, myofilament, fiber
myofilament, myofibril, fiber
fiber, myofilament, myofibril
What is associated with the thin myofilament?
troponin
tropomyosin
actin
myosin
Treppe is also called:
tetanus
electromyography
wave summation
staircase phenomenon
A sarcomere is a segment of myofibril between two successive:
Z-lines
A-Bands
I-Bands
H-Bands
After it is released from the sarcoplasmic reticulum, the calcium combines with which protein?
troponin
actin
myosin
tropomyosin
Muscles that work together to accomplish a movement.
antagonists
fixators
prime movers
synergists
Muscles that play the major role in accomplishing a particular movement.
antagonists
fixators
prime movers
synergists
Muscles that contract at the same time as the prime mover, producing a more effective movement.
antagonists
fixators
prime movers
synergists
Muscles that help to maintain posture or balance during contraction of muscles acting on joints in the arms and legs.
antagonists
fixators
prime movers
synergists
Delicate connective tissue that covers muscle cells.
endomysium
tendon
epimysium
aponeurosis
perimysium
Tough connective tissue cord connecting muscle to the periosteum of a bone.
endomysium
tendon
epimysium
aponeurosis
perimysium
Coarse connective tissue that covers the entire muscle.
endomysium
tendon
epimysium
aponeurosis
perimysium
Groups of skeletal muscle fibers.
endomysium
tendon
epimysium
aponeurosis
fascicles
Name of muscles whose control is mainly voluntary.
skeletal muscle
cardiac muscle
smooth muscle
This muscle has no striations.
skeletal muscle
cardiac muscle
smooth muscle
Which muscles have extensive sarcoplasmic reticulum; stores and releases calcium.
skeletal muscle
cardiac muscle
smooth muscle
Principal functions include movement of bones, heat production and posture
skeletal muscle
cardiac muscle
smooth muscle
