Nerve cells that carry impulses towards the central nervous system

Striated muscle fibers (cells) that form the wall of the heart; stimulated by the intrinsic conduction system and autonomic motor neurons

A condition caused by compression of the median nerve in the carpal tunnel and characterized especially by weakness, pain, and disturbances of sensation in the hand and fingers

To shorten and thicken

The delicate connective tissue surrounding the individual muscular fibers within the smallest bundles

Nerve cells that conduct impulses away from the central nervous system

The external connective-tissue sheath of a muscle

A small bundle or cluster, especially of nerve or muscle fibers

The attachment of a muscle tendon to a moveable bone or the end opposite the origin

An organ composed of one of the three types of tissue (skeletal, cardiac, and smooth), specialized for contraction to produce voluntary and involuntary movements of parts of the body

A threadlike structure, extending longitudinally through a muscle fiber (cell) consisting mainly of think filaments (myosin) and thin filaments (actin, troponin, and tropomyosin)

The contractile protein that makes up the thick filaments of muscle fibers

A cordlike bundle of neuronal axons and/or dendrites and associated connective tissue coursing together outside the central nervous system

The attachment of a muscle tendon to a stationary bone,

The connective-tissue sheath that surrounds a muscle and forms sheaths for the bundles of muscle fibers

Network of interlacing blood vessels or nerves

Temporary rigidity of muscles occurring after death

Any of the repeating structural units of striated muscle fibrils

An organ specialized for contraction, composed of striated muscle fibers (cells), supported by connective tissue, attached to bone by a tendon.

The explanation of how thick and thin filaments slide relative to one another during striated muscle contraction to decrease sarcomere length

A tissue specialized for contraction, composed of smooth muscle fibers (cells), located in the walls of hollow internal organs, and innervated by the autonomic motor neurons

Any of the alternate dark and light cross bands of a myofibril of striated muscle

A protein of muscle that forms a complex with troponin regulating the interaction of actin and myosin in muscular contraction

A protein of muscle that together with tropomyosin forms a regulatory protein complex controlling the interaction of actin and myosin and that when combined with calcium ions permits muscular contraction

Movement away from the midline of the body

Hyaline cartilage attached to articular bone surfaces

The action or manner in which the parts come together at a joint

An articulation (as the hip joint) in which the rounded head of one bone fits into a cuplike cavity of the other and admits movement in any direction

A usually translucent somewhat elastic tissue that composes most of the skeleton of vertebrate embryos and except for a small number of structures (as some joints, respiratory passages, and the external ear) is replaced by bone during ossification in the higher vertebrates.

A movement at a synovial joint in which the distal end of the bone moves in a circle while the proximal end remains relatively stable

Bending the foot in the direction of the dorsum (upper surface)

An unbending movement around a joint in a limb (as the knee or elbow) that increases the angle between the bones of the limb at the joint

A bending movement around a joint in a limb (as the knee or elbow) that decreases the angle between the bones of the limb at the joint

A bending movement around a joint in a limb (as the knee or elbow) that decreases the angle between the bones of the limb at the joint

An instrument for measuring angles (as of a joint or the skull)

Joint between bones (as at the elbow or knee) that permits motion in only one plane

Translucent bluish white cartilage consisting of cells embedded in an apparently homogeneous matrix, present in joints and respiratory passages, and forming most of the fetal skeleton

Dense regular connective tissue that attaches bone to bone

The point of contact between elements of an animal skeleton whether movable or rigidly fixed together with the surrounding and supporting parts.

Bending the foot in the direction of the plantar surface (sole)

The range through which a joint can be moved

Moving a bone around its own axis, with no other movement

The space between the articulating bones of a synovial joint, filled with synovial fluid. Also called a joint cavity.

Secretion of synovial membranes that lubricates joints and nourishes articular cartilage

A fully moveable joint in which the synovial (joint) cavity is present between the two articulating bones

A white fibrous cord of dense regular connective tissue that attaches muscle to bone

The large arterial trunk that carries blood from the heart to be distributed by branch arteries through the body.

Any of the small terminal twigs of an artery that ends in capillaries

Any of the tubular branching muscular- and elastic-walled vessels that carry blood from the heart through the body.

A chronic disease characterized by abnormal thickening and hardening of the arterial walls with resulting loss of elasticity

A cardiovascular disease in which growths called plaques develop on the inner walls of the arteries, narrowing their inner diameters.

A chamber of the heart that receives blood from the veins and forces it into a ventricle or ventricles.

The hydrostatic force that blood exerts against the wall of a vessel.

Any of the smallest blood vessels connecting arterioles with venules and forming networks throughout the body.

Striated muscle fibers (cells) that form the wall of the heart; stimulated by the intrinsic conduction system and autonomic motor neurons

The volume of blood ejected from the left side of the heart in one minute.

The movement of blood through the vessels of the body that is induced by the pumping action of the heart and serves to distribute nutrients and oxygen to and remove waste products from all parts of the body.

Either of two arteries that arise one from the left and one from the right side of the aorta immediately above the semilunar valves and supply the tissues of the heart itself

A measure of cardiac activity usually expressed as number of beats per minute

A form of peripheral vascular disease in which there is partial or total blockage of an artery, usually one leading to a leg or arm.

The passage of venous blood from the right atrium of the heart through the right ventricle and pulmonary arteries to the lungs where it is oxygenated and its return via the pulmonary veins to enter the left atrium and participate in the systemic circulation

A regularly recurrent wave of distension in arteries that results from the progress through an artery of blood injected into the arterial system at each contraction of the ventricles of the heart.

A tissue specialized for contraction, composed of smooth muscle fibers (cells), located in the walls of hollow internal organs, and innervated by the autonomic motor neurons

The volume of blood pumped from a ventricle of the heart in one beat

The passage of arterial blood from the left atrium of the heart through the left ventricle, the systemic arteries, and the capillaries to the organs and tissues that receive much of its oxygen in exchange for carbon dioxide and the return of the carbon-dioxide carrying blood via the systemic veins to enter the right atrium of the heart and to participate in the pulmonary circulation

A bodily structure  that closes temporarily a passage or orifice or permits movement of fluid in one direction only.

An abnormal swelling of a superficial vein of the legs.

Any of the tubular branching vessels that carry blood from the capillaries toward the heart and have thinner walls than the arteries and often valves at intervals to prevent reflux of the blood which flows in a steady stream and is in most cases dark-colored due to the presence of reduced hemoglobin.

A chamber of the heart which receives blood from a corresponding atrium and from which blood is forced into the arteries.

Any of the minute veins connecting the capillaries with the larger systemic veins

Containing oxygen; referring to an organism, environment, or cellular process that requires oxygen

Any of a group of usually synthetic hormones that are derivatives of testosterone, are used medically especially to promote tissue growth, and are sometimes abused by athletes to increase the size and strength of their muscles and improve endurance

Lacking oxygen; referring to an organism, environment, or cellular process that lacks oxygen and may be poisoned by it

A technique for temporarily improving athletic performance in which oxygen-carrying red blood cells previously withdrawn from an athlete are injected back just before an event

The most prevalent and efficient catabolic pathway for the production of ATP, in which oxygen is consumed as a reactant along with the organic fuel

A compound of creatine and phosphoric acid that is found especially in vertebrate muscle where it is an energy source for muscle contraction

A hormonal substance that is formed especially in the kidney and stimulates red blood cell formation

A highly branched polymer of glucose containing thousands of subunits; functions as a compact store of glucose molecules in liver and muscle fibers

An organic acid present in blood and muscle tissue as a product of the anaerobic metabolism of glucose and glycogen

Inability of muscle to maintain its strength of contraction or tension; may be related to insufficient oxygen, depletion of glycogen, and/or lactic acid buildup