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WorksheetsAP Bio: Units 1-4 Review
Total questions: 75
Worksheet time: 25mins
Carbohydrate molecules:
Serve as structural components of human cell walls
form the regulatory compounds known as enzymes
are a source of energy
carbon to carbon bonds are strong
The process illustrated in the figure is called:
condensation
protein synthesis
hydrolysis
dehydration synthesis
The products of the process in the figure shown are:
monosaccharides
molecules of glycerol
representative of a glycoside linkage
enzymes
In which of the following reactions must the equivalent of a water molecule be added in order to break a bond?
fatty acids + glycerol --------> fat
glucose + fructose ----------> sucrose
glycogen ------------> glucose
alanine + glycine ----------> dipeptide
A molecule of saturated triacylglycerol (aka triglyceride) contains:
the maximum number of double bonds between carbons in the fatty acid chains
the maximum number of triple bonds between carbons in the fatty acid chain
the maximum number of hydrogen atoms in the fatty acid chain
alternating single and double bonds between carbons in the fatty acid chain
Which of the following is responsible for the alpha-helical structure of proteins?
hydrophobic interactions
nonpolar covalent bonds
ionic interactions
hydrogen bonds
At which level of protein structure are peptide bonds most important?
primary
secondary
quaternary
globular
If the differently shaded portions of this molecule represent different polypeptide chains, then this figure is representative of:
an amino acid
the primary structure of a protein
the secondary structure of a protein
the quaternary structure of a protein
Analysis of a certain complex compound shows that it contains phosphate groups, ribose groups, and pyrimidines. Based on this information, which of the following is the best description of this compound?
It is most likely ribonucleic acid
It is DNA
It is an inorganic compound
It contains thymine
Which monomer is incorrectly matched with the corresponding polymer?
Monosaccharides are used to build polysaccharides
Amino acids are used to build proteins
Fatty acids are used to build nucleic acids
Glucose molecules are used to build starches
Which characteristic of water molecules directly contributes to the remarkable "water walking" success of the aquatic insects pictured?
hydrogen bonds
capillary action
nonpolar covalent bonds
ionic bonds
A stalk of celery is placed in a solution of blue colored dye. After one hour, the leaves have blue fluid in their veins. Which property of water is being demonstrated?
adhesion and cohesion
evaporation and cooling
lower density as a solid than as a liquid
high specific heat
Which of the following is responsible for the cohesive property of water?
Hydrogen bonds between the oxygen atoms of two adjacent water molecules
Covalent bonds between the hydrogen atoms of two adjacent water molecules
Hydrogen bonds between the oxygen atom of one water molecule and a hydrogen atom of another water molecule
Covalent bonds between the oxygen atom of one water molecule and a hydrogen atom of another water molecule
Choose the letter(s) that correspond to the picture that matches to a functional protein
A
B
C
D
E
Choose the letter(s) that correspond to the picture that matches to a nucleotide
A
B
C
D
E
Choose the letter(s) that correspond to the picture that matches to a polysaccharide
A
B
C
D
E
Choose the letter(s) that correspond to the picture that matches to a monosaccharide
A
B
C
D
E
Air that is dry changes temperature quickly, while air that is moist retains its temperature. What property allows for this regulation of temperature?
The heat of fusion of the nitrogen in the air, due to free electrons
The high electric potential of the air, which results from the static charges of the molecules in dry conditions
the greenhouse effect, due to the increase in carbon dioxide in the atmosphere
the high specific heat of water, which results from the polarity and hydrogen bonding
Which of the following is an example of a hydrogen bond?
The peptide bond between amino acids in a protein
The bond between an oxygen atom and a hydrogen in the carboxyl group of a fatty acid
The attraction between a hydrogen of one water molecule and the oxygen of another water molecule
The bond between carbon and hydrogen in methane
The major component of the fluid bilayer of a plasma membrane
Cholesterol
Triglyceride
Phospholipid
Protein
Steroid affecting the fluidity of the plasma membrane
Cholesterol
Triglyceride
Phospholipid
Protein
Which of the following best characterizes the reaction represented below
A + B + energy → AB
hydrolysis
catabolism
oxidation-reduction
exergonic reaction
endergonic reaction
Which of the following can be used to determine the rate of enzyme-catalyzed reactions
rate of disappearance of the enzyme
rate of disappearance of the substrate
rate of disappearance of the product
change in the volume of the solution
What is the role of ribosomes?
To store genetic information.
To produce glycolipids.
To synthesize proteins.
To hydrolyze waste materials.
Which of the following is not found in all forms of life, and therefore is not evidence of the common ancestry of life?
Nuclei
Ribosomes
Plasma Membranes
Cytosol
Which of the following is a difference between smooth and rough endoplasmic reticulum (ER)?
Smooth ER exists in a part of the cell near the cell membrane, while rough ER exists in a part of the cell near the nucleus.
Smooth ER is not studded by ribosomes, while rough ER is studded by ribosomes.
Smooth ER is meant to compartmentalize the cell, while rough ER detoxifies and synthesizes lipids.
Smooth ER is made without the additional help of proteins, whereas rough ER is made with the help of special proteins called reticuloproteins.
Which of the following is a function of the Golgi apparatus?
Detoxification of the cell and lipid synthesis.
Protein and rRNA synthesis.
Synthesis of chemical energy (adenosine triphosphate).
Chemical modification of newly synthesized proteins before they are packaged for trafficking to other parts of the cell or outside of the cell.
In plants, what is the primary function of vacuoles?
To maintain water pressure inside of the cell.
To remove waste from inside of the cell.
To store nutrients inside of the cell.
To synthesize new membranes for the cell.
Which of the following membrane-bound organelles is responsible for hydrolysis (using enzymes to break down macromolecules)?
Vacuoles
Chloroplasts
Lysosomes
Peroxisomes
Which of the following is a reason that cells are so small?
Cells are small because they want to maximize their surface area-to-volume ratio.
Cells are small because they want to maximize their volume-to-surface area ratio.
Cells are small because they need to produce extremely small macromolecules.
Cells are small because they prefer to work together in clusters of many thousands that wouldn't otherwise fit anywhere.
Which of the following is one way that cells increase their surface area without increasing their size?
Cells will often include perfectly spherical membranes.
Cells will often include folds in their membranes.
Cells will often include holes in their membranes.
Cells will maximize their volume.
Which is a not reason why cells want to increase their surface area without increasing their size?
An increased surface area is associated with a greater ability to transfer heat to maintain homeostasis.
An increased surface area is associated with a greater ability to exchange gases from inside the cell to the outside of the cell.
An increased surface area is associated with a greater ability to reproduce.
An increased surface area is associated with a greater ability to complete chemical reactions.
What happens to cells as they increase in volume?
Their radius decreases.
Their surface area increases.
Their surface area decreases.
Their circumference decreases.
Which of the following correctly describes hydrophobic and hydrophilic regions of the cellular membrane?
The hydrophobic region is made of phosphates, and the hydrophilic region is made of lipids.
The hydrophobic region is 'water-loving', and the hydrophilic region is 'water-fearing'.
The hydrophobic region is polar, and the hydrophilic region is non-polar.
The hydrophobic region faces inward in the interior of the membrane, the hydrophilic region faces outwards towards the aqueous environment.
Which of the following would need assistance moving through the plasma membrane?
Nitrogen gas (N2)
Oxygen gas (O2)
Carbon Dioxide gas (CO2)
Water
What is the primary role of aquaporins?
To transport water across the membrane.
To change the state of water from gas to liquid.
To pump water into the mitochondria for cellular respiration.
To use water for hydrolytic purposes.
Which of the following describes a solution that has a higher concentration than the internal environment of the cell?
Hypotonic
Isotonic
Hypertonic
Transtonic
If a cell is placed in a hypotonic solution, what is likely to happen to it over time?
The cell will swell, as water flows into the cell.
The cell will not change, as it will be at dynamic equilibrium.
The cell will lyse, as water bursts the cell.
The cell will shrink, as water flows out of the cell.
Which of the following describes the endosymbiotic theory?
A prokaryotic cell engulfed several other types of smaller prokaryotic cells, and eventually its compartmentalization made the cell eukaryotic.
A eukaryotic cell engulfed several other types of smaller prokaryotic cells, and eventually its compartmentalization made the cell prokaryotic.
A prokaryotic cell engulfed several other types of smaller eukaryotic cells, and eventually its compartmentalization made the cell eukaryotic.
A eukaryotic cell engulfed several other types of smaller eukaryotic cells, and eventually its compartmentalization made the cell prokaryotic.
Which of the following membrane-bound organelles evolved from free-living prokaryotic cells?
Nuclei and plasmids.
Mitochondria and chloroplasts.
Vacuoles and lysosomes.
Centrioles and microtubules.
Where on an enzyme does the substrate bind?
active site
allosteric site
C-terminus
N-terminus
Which structure is unaffected by denaturation?
Primary
Secondary
Tertiary
Quaternary
Which environmental conditions can cause denaturation of the enzyme?
slight increase in temperature
extreme increase in temperature
decrease in temperature
extreme increase in temperature and pH changes
Which of the following will increase the rate of the reaction?
increase product
increase substrate
increase inhibitor
increase enzyme
Describe why an increase in temperature increases the rate of the reaction.
increase in temperature increases the speed/kinetic energy of particles
increase in temperature activates more enzyme to increase the rate
increase in temperature results in increase in substrate available
increase in temperature allows for a tighter fit in the active site
Describe the difference between competitive and noncompetitive inhibitors.
noncompetitive binds to active site and competitive binds to other site
competitive binds to active site and noncompetitive binds to other site
competitive is irreversible and noncompetitive is reversible binding
noncompetitive is irreversible and competitive is reversible binding
What are the products of the light-dependent reactions of photosynthesis?
ATP & NADH
CO2 & H2O
NADPH & ATP
Organic Compounds & O2
What is the function of the electron transport chain between Photosystem II and Photosystem I?
establish electrochemical gradient of protons
to funnel electrons into photosystem I for the Calvin cycle
transport electrons to oxygen to make water
to synthesize ATP using ATP synthase
Where does the Calvin cycle take place?
thylakoid membrane
cristae
stroma
matrix
Which of the following are electron carriers for the electron transport chain in cellular respiration?
NADPH
FADH2
NADH
NADH & FADH2
Which process releases energy in glucose to form ATP, NADH, and pyruvate?
Glycolysis
Oxidative Phosphorylation
Krebs Cycle
Fermentation
What is oxidation?
loss of electrons
loss of water
gain of electrons
gain of water
Which process does NOT require oxygen?
Glycolysis
Oxidative Phosphorylation
Krebs Cycle
Aerobic respiration
What evidence is there that cell communication is a process that has evolved over billions of years?
Only cells with a nucleus are able to communicate effectively
The processes are very similar in prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells
Eukaryotic cells have much more advanced signaling pathways
Prokaryotic cells are much more efficient at communicating.
Which of these is a common type of final response in a signal transduction pathway?
Activation of a G-protein receptor
Transcription of a desired mRNA sequence
Formation of cAMP
Phosphorylation cascade
A mutation in a cell membrane receptor would most likely have what effect on a signal transduction pathway?
Reduce the response of the pathway
An alternative response will be expressed
Increase ligand binding
Increase ligand release from the effector cell
A person with an insulin deficiency would have trouble regulating what condition in their body?
Blood calcium
Blood pH
Blood sugar
Blood temperature
Glucagon causes the breakdown of stored glycogen into glucose for cells. What conditions would trigger the release of glucagon?
High blood sugar
Low blood pH
High heart rate
Low cellular ATP concentration
This diagram shows transduction of a signal. How is the signal being transduced to its target location in the cell?
A hormone is binding to an intracellular protein receptor
Transport vesicles are passing neurotransmitters to neighboring cells
Enzymes are passing phosphate groups down a series of proteins
cAMP is formed activating a desired response
What is a catabolic reaction?
A reaction that requires an input of energy
A reaction that forms complex molecules from simple building blocks
A reaction that releases energy
A reaction that breaks down complex molecules into their components
Why do hormones not affect every cell in the body when they are released?
All cells are affected by a hormone when it is released
A cell needs a specific receptor for the hormone to be affected
A cell must have the proper ATP levels to activate a cellular response
Cells need compatible DNA for the hormone to activate transcription of a gene
Secondary messengers that can activate or deactivate enzymes in a cell are typically part of which step of cell signaling?
Reception
Transduction
Response
If a medicine works by blocking a secondary messenger, what effect would it have on that cell signaling pathway?
It would increase the response if the pathway
It would trigger the release of more ligands
It would activate the transcription of a desired gene
It would inhibit transduction, thus deactivating the response
When we are dehydrated, ADH is released which causes more water to be absorbed into our bloodstream. What type of feedback does this represent?
Positive feedback
Negative feedback
Which of the following is an example of positive feedback?
Insulin lowering blood sugar
Immune cells releasing inflammatory cytokines
Breathing faster to release excess CO2
Shivering to increase blood temperature
How is negative feedback different from positive feedback?
Negative feedback harms the body
Negative feedback works to reverse a change in a system
Negative feedback is rarer than positive
Negative feedback is slower than positive feedback
What important event happens during the S-phase of the cell cycle?
The mitotic spindle forms
The nuclear membrane breaks down
DNA replication
Sister chromatids separate
After metaphase what phase occurs next in mitosis?
Prophase
Prometaphase
Anaphase
Telophase
Which of the following describes anaphase?
Chromatin condenses into chromosomes, and the nuclear membrane is broken down
Sister chromatids are separated and kinetochores begin pulling chromosomes to opposite poles
Spindle fibers attach to centromeres and begin moving sister chromatids towards the cell's equator
Chromosomes decondense and two nuclei form within the cell
How much DNA should a daughter cell at the end of cytokinesis have when compared to the original parent cell?
Half the amount
The exact same amount
Double the amount
What is the primary purpose of mitosis?
Evenly divide the cytoplasm of the cell
Creating an exact copy of a cell's genetic material
Protect an organism from mutations
Ensure genetic material is properly transferred to daughter cells
What is the end result of mitosis?
An undifferentiated stem cell
4 genetically unique haploid cells
2 genetically identical diploid cells
2 genetically unique daughter cells
Which phase of the cell cycle does the cell spend the greatest amount of time in?
S phase
Interphase
M-phase
Cytokinesis
How are cancerous cell different from healthy cells?
The have a much shorter cell cycle
They do not need nutrients to survive
They are reliant upon density dependent inhibition
They have twice as much genetic material
How are cyclins and CDKs involved with the cell cycle?
Cyclins stop the cell cycle from proceeding
Cyclins and CDKs make up a protein ring used to perform cytokinesis
Cyclins activate CDKs, which perform the work of cell division
CDKs are secreted from cells to trigger division in neighboring cells
