_____ respiration requires oxygen and produces _____ ATP per cycle.

_____ respiration, also called fermentation, does not require oxygen and produces _____ ATP per cycle.

Animals produce _____ during fermentation, which causes muscle fatigue.

Bacteria, yeasts, and plants produce _____ during fermentation; this process is used to produce many foods we eat.

_____ is the preparation period for cell division; the cell grows and copies its DNA.

_____ is necessary prior to cell division to ensure

each daughter cell gets a complete copy of genetic material.

A DNA nucleotide consists of _____ sugar, a phosphate group, and a nitrogen base.

In DNA, adenine bonds with _____ and guanine bonds with _____.

Watson and Crick discovered that DNA was a _____; two complementary strands of nucleotides that coil up.

_____ is a type of asexual reproduction in which one somatic cell divides to produce _____ genetically _____ daughter cells.

_____ have mutated DNA and divide uncontrollably.

A mutagen, also called a _____, is an agent that has the potential to alter DNA.

In _____, the _____ disappears, chromatin coils to form _____, and centrioles appear in _____ cells.

In metaphase, _____ are pulled by spindle fibers to the _____ of the cell.

Euglena, unicellular protists, have an _____ near the base of the flagella that detects sunlight.

_____ can be determined by multiplying the ocular lens

by the objective lens.

Many organelles have highly folded membranes to increase

_____, thus allowing the organelle to be more efficient.

_____ are unspecialized cells that reproduce quickly and have the potential to become any type of cell.

All cells within an organism have identical _____.

_____ is maintaining a stable internal environment suitable for survival.

_____ and _____ major components of the plasma

membrane.

The plasma membrane is _____; it can choose what enters and exits the cell.

In _____ transport, molecules move from high concentrations to low concentrations; this is with the concentration gradient, so no energy is required.

If the concentration of the solution surrounding the cell is higher than the concentration of solution inside the cell, it is said to be _____; water will _____ the cell.

If the concentration of solution surrounding the cell is lower

than the concentration of solution inside the cell, it is said to be _____; water will _____ the cell.

In _____ transport, molecules move from low concentrations to high concentrations; this is against the concentration gradient so energy is required.

Cells use _____ to regulate cell pH and maintain homeostasis.

_____ is the energy storing molecule in the cell.

The reactants of _____ are carbon dioxide, water, and sunlight; the products are glucose and oxygen.

Enzymes are _____; they only bond with one particular substrate.

_____ states that all cells come from pre-existing cells, the cell is the smallest living organism, and all living things are made of cells.

_____ cells lack a nucleus and membrane-bound organelles.

_____ cells have a nucleus and other membrane-bound organelles.

_____, found in all cells, make proteins for the cell.

_____ perform cellular respiration, producing energy for the cell.

_____ perform photosynthesis, producing food for the cell.

The _____ controls all cell activities, including cell reproduction.

The _____, found in all cells except animal cells, protects the cell and provides structure.

_____ break down and release waste products from the cell.

_____ explains how the concentration of a chemical increases as it travels up a food chain.

_____ are non-native organisms that tend to disrupt food chains.

Organic molecules contain _____ and are found in living organisms.

_____ are made of monosaccharides and are quick sources of energy.

_____ are made of amino acids; they regulate chemical reactions, aide in cell recognition, and build tissue and muscle.

_____ are made of fatty acids; they are components of cell membranes and store energy long term.

_____ are made of nucleotides and contain the genetic code needed to make proteins.

Enzymes _____, or speed up, chemical reactions.

Enzymes work best at optimal _____ and _____.

______ factors are living components of an ecosystem, and

abiotic factors are ______ components of an ecosystem.

_____ convert unusable nitrogen into usable

nitrates for plants.

In the carbon cycle, autotrophs do _____ which takes

carbon dioxide out of the atmosphere.

In the carbon cycle, all living organisms do _____ which

releases carbon dioxide into the atmosphere.

Only _____ of available energy is passed from one trophic level to the next.

_____ is a complex carbohydrate found in the plant cell wall.

The _____ maintains homeostasis by regulating what enters and exits the cell.

_____ work together as a system to perform specific tasks within the cell.

_____, or cell specialization, occurs when a specific _____, a segment of DNA, is activated.

Cilia, flagella, pseudopodia are organelles that unicellular organisms use for _____.

A _____ helps unicellular organisms regulate the amount of water within the cell.

_____ and _____ are human activities that are increasing the amount of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere.

Acid rain is caused by _____ and _____ combining with water vapor in the atmosphere.

Eutrophication is caused when _____ and _____ in fertilizers and animal waste run into nearby water sources.

Ozone depletion is caused by excessive _____ from aerosols and air conditioning units.

Global warming is caused by excessive _____ in the atmosphere.

An organism’s _____ is the role it plays in its environment.

Organisms of different species that share a habitat often have different niches in order to reduce _____ for resources.

_____ is the symbiotic relationship in which both species benefit.

_____ is the symbiotic relationship in which one species

benefits and the other is harmed.

_____ produce their own food using photosynthesis,

while _____ consume other organisms.

_____ recycle nutrients from dead organic matter back to the soil.

_____ populations experience cycles of growth and decline; they are each other’s limiting factors.

A _____ is anything that restricts the distribution,

existence, or reproduction of a population.

A _____ is the maximum number of organisms that

an environment can support at a given time.

_____ growth occurs when a population grows faster as its size increases.