The crossing of an individual of unknown genotype with a homozygous recessive individual to determine the unknown genotype

the transfer of pollen grains from an anther to the stigma of the same flower or to the stigma of another flower on the same plant

a reproductive process in which pollen from one plant is transferred to the stigma of another plant

This law describes how each homologous pair separates independently of any other pairs during Anaphase I of meiosis

A cross between two individuals, concentrating on only one definable trait

A technique of prenatal diagnosis in which amniotic fluid, obtained by aspiration from a needle inserted into the uterus, is analyzed to detect certain genetic and congenital defects in the fetus.

a sample of embryonic cells is removed directly from the membrane surrounding the embryo

Genes located on the same chromosome that tend to be inherited together in genetic crosses.

Traits controlled by genes located on sex chromosomes.

An error in meiosis or mitosis in which members of a pair of homologous chromosomes or a pair of sister chromatids fail to separate properly from each other.

One of the 23 pairs of chromosomes in the human, contains genes that will determine the sex of the individual. X and Y

A display of the chromosome pairs of a cell arranged by size and shape.

A genetic disorder caused by the presence of all or part of a third copy of chromosome 21.

A chromosomal disorder in females in which either an X chromosome is missing, making the person XO instead of XX, or part of one X chromosome is deleted.

Any chromosome that is not a sex chromosome

A chromosomal disorder in which males have an extra X chromosome, making them XXY instead of XY.

a type of chromosomal mutation in which a segment of DNA is copied multiple times in the genome

a mutation in which one or more pairs of nucleotides are removed from a gene

Mutation in which a chromosome piece reattaches to original chromosome but in reverse orientation

mutation in which one part of one chromosome breaks off and attaches to another

A condition in which neither of two alleles of a gene is dominant or recessive.

A pattern of inheritance in which two alleles, inherited from the parents, are neither dominant nor recessive. The resulting offspring have a phenotype that is a blending of the parental traits.

occurs when multiple genes determine the phenotype of a trait

three or more forms of a gene that code for a single trait

Process of making changes in the DNA code of living organisms

A selective breeding method in which two individuals with identical or similar sets of alleles are crossed.

The process of selecting a few organisms with desired traits to serve as parents of the next generation

Breeding technique that involves crossing dissimilar individuals to bring together the best traits of both organisms

Enzyme that cuts DNA at a specific sequence of nucleotides

DNA produced by combining DNA from different sources

A ring of DNA capable of replicating itself. Found in bacteria commonly.

An organism that is genetically identical to the organism from which it was produced

The analysis of DNA from samples of body tissues or fluids in order to identify individuals.

the complete instructions for making an organism, consisting of all the genetic material in that organism's chromosomes

the complete instructions for making an organism, consisting of all the genetic material in that organism's chromosomes

organism that is genetically engineered by inserting a gene from another organism (GMO)

Procedure used to separate and analyze DNA fragments by placing a mixture of DNA fragments at one end of a porous gel and applying an electrical voltage to the gel

The insertion of working copies of a gene into the cells of a person with a genetic disorder in an attempt to correct the disorder

The creation of a mutation.