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Yr12 Bio - Signal Transduction

Total questions: 58

Worksheet time: 43mins

Name
Class
Date
1.

Which of these is a pro of an enzymatic cascade?

a)

It leads to regulation

b)

It amplifies the response of a single binding molecule

c)

It decreases the response of a single binding molecule

d)

Because it is unregulated, it provides a variety of responses

2.

Which of the following is a role of cytokines. Select all that apply.

a)

Stimulate the humoral response

b)

Stimulate the immune response

c)

Activate phagocytes

d)

None of the above

3.
The 3 steps of signal transduction in order are
a)
reception, transduction, response
b)
response, transduction, reception
c)
reception, response, transduction
d)
transduction, reception, response
4.
Which of the following correctly describes the reception stage of this signal transduction pathway?
a)
epinephrine binds to a g-protein coupled receptor protein present in the cell membrane
b)
the g protein changes shape, is activated, activates adenyl cyclase, which activates cAMP, which activates protein kinases
c)
protein kinases phosphoylate molecules
d)
glycogen synthesis is inhibited and glycogen breakdown is promoted
5.

Which term refers to cells signaling to themselves?

a)

Paracrine

b)

Autocrine

c)

Endocrine

d)

Somatricine

6.

The binding of a ligand to a receptor is involved in what stage of cell communication?

a)

response

b)

transduction

c)

inhibition

d)

reception

7.

A series of chemical reactions that relay chemical message inside the cell; may amplify the signal

a)

reception

b)

transduction

c)

response

d)

activation

8.

the change in cell activity that results from the binding of the ligand to the receptor

a)

reception

b)

transduction

c)

integration

d)

response

9.

type of cell signalling where the ligand is produced at a location distant from its target cell(s)

a)

autocrine signalling

b)

juxtacrine signalling

c)

paracrine signalling

d)

endocrine signalling

10.

type of cell signalling where the ligand is released and will affect cells in its "neighborhood"

a)

autocrine signalling

b)

juxtacrine signalling

c)

paracrine signalling

d)

endocrine signalling

11.
When a neuron responds to a particular neurotransmitter by opening gated ion channels, the neurotransmitter is serving as which part of the signal pathway?
a)
relay molecule
b)
endocrine molecule
c)
signal molecule
d)
receptor
12.

Hormones are an example of signals that originate at a distance from the receiving cell

a)

True

b)

False

13.

Steroid hormones are examples of hydrophobic signalling molecules.

a)

True

b)

False

14.

The receptor for a peptide hormone would not be expected to be located on the surface of the receiving cell.

a)

True

b)

False

15.
A signal molecule that binds to a plasma-membrane protein is a
a)
ligand
b)
second messenger
c)
protein kinase
d)
receptor protein
16.
Protein kinases activate other relay proteins by adding a(n) ____ to them.
a)
phosphate
b)
ATP molecule
c)
cAMP
d)
GTP
17.
Consider this pathway: epinephrine --> receptor --> cAMP --> protein kinase --> transcription factors. 

Identify the secondary messenger.
a)
epinephrine
b)
G protein-coupled receptor
c)
adenylyl cyclase
d)
cAMP
18.
What is a phosphorylation cascade?
a)
travelling of hormones through the air
b)
travelling of hormones through the blood
c)
the removal of a phosphate
d)
a series of molecules that get phosphorylated
19.
Which of the following can activate a protein by transferring a phosphate group to it?
a)
cAMP
b)
G Protein
c)
protein kinase
d)
protein phosphatase
20.
What do second messengers do?
a)
transport a signal through the lipid bilayer
b)
relay a signal from the outside to the inside of the cell
c)
relay message from the inside of the mebrane throughout the cytoplasm
d)
dampen the message
21.
Epinephrine (also known as adrenaline or adrenalin) is a hormone and a neurotransmitter. The model for the action of Epinephrine is shown below.
Which of the following molecules act as a second messenger in the cascade by which epinephrine stimulates the activation of the enzyme glycogen phosphorylase?
a)
Adenosine
b)
Adenylyl cyclase
c)
Citric acid
d)
Cyclic AMP
22.
Epinephrine (also known as adrenaline or adrenalin) is a hormone and a neurotransmitter. The model for the action of Epinephrine is shown below.
Which of the following best describes a benefit of the many steps involved in a protein kinase cascade?
a)
It allows for the activation or inhibition of many enzymes.
b)
It allows for the amplification of the signal.
c)
It allows for the distribution of the signal throughout the inside of the cell.
d)
 All of the above.
23.

Testosterone does not affect all cells of the body because __________.

a)

testosterone cannot cross the plasma membrane

b)

not all cells have cytoplasmic receptors for testosterone

c)

not all cells in the body have membrane receptors for testosterone

d)

it is a local regulator

e)

it affects only cells that have ion-channel receptors

24.

Receptors for signal molecules __________.

a)

all work via protein kinases

b)

are never found in the nucleus of a cell

c)

may be found embedded in the plasma membrane, or found within the cytoplasm or nucleus

d)

all work by opening ion channels

e)

are only found associated with the plasma membrane

25.

Which areas in the diagram depict the process of transduction in the signal transduction pathway of cell communication?

a)

Q -> R

b)

Q -> U

c)

S -> T

d)

T -> U

26.
In paracrine signaling, the signaling molecules affects only
a)
target cells close to the cell from which it was secreted
b)
target cells distant from its site of synthesis in cells of an endocrine organ
c)
both (a) and (b)
d)
none of the above
27.

When a neuron is at REST,

a)

the inside of the neuron is negatively charged compared to the outside.

b)

the inside of the neuron is positively charged compared to the outside.

c)

there is no charge difference established

d)

none of these is true

28.

The part of the neuron that receives incoming messages is the

a)

dendrite

b)

axon

c)

cell body

d)

axon terminal

29.

Depolarization occurs when

a)

sodium channels open

b)

potassium channels open

c)

sodium channels close

d)

potassium channels close

30.

What re-establishes the resting membrane potential in a neuron?

a)

sodium-potassium pumps

b)

sodium channels

c)

potassium channels

d)

gravity

31.
The area of the neuron that transmits an impulse
a)
dendrite
b)
axon
c)
cell body
d)
nucleus
32.
This neuron sends the impulse and releases neurotransmitters
a)
presynaptic cell
b)
postsynaptic cell
33.
This neuron receives the impulse and has receptor sites for neurotransmitters
a)
presynaptic cell
b)
postsynaptic cell
34.
What number(s) on the graph represents the Resting Potential?
a)
1 and 2
b)
1 and 5
c)
2 and 3
d)
3 and 4
35.
What number on the graph represents the Depolarization phase?
a)
1
b)
2
c)
3
d)
4
36.

What number(s) on the graph represents the THRESHOLD level of stimulus?

a)

1 and 5

b)

2

c)

3

d)

6

37.

What number on the graph represents the repolarization phase?

a)

1

b)

2

c)

3

d)

4

38.
As the action potential passes down the axon, what is signaled at the synaptic terminal?
a)
generation of new action potential
b)
release of K+
c)
release of neurotransmitters
d)
binding of ligands to synaptic terminals
39.

Which location in a neuron is a junction at which the neuron meets another cell?

a)

axon

b)

dendrites

c)

myelin sheath

d)

synapse

40.
X
a)
Axon Terminal Button
b)
Neurotransmitters
c)
Dendrite
d)
Synapse
41.
Which is the correct sequence in the transmission of a neural impulse?
a)
axon, dendrite, cell body, synapse
b)
dendrite, axon, cell body, synapse
c)
synapse, axon, dendrite, cell body
d)
dendrite, cell body, axon, synapse
42.

Signal amplification is most often achieved by

a)

an protein / enzyme cascade

b)

binding of multiple signals

c)

branching pathways

d)

action of adenylyl cyclase

43.
What is an organic compound that is made by glands in the body (pituitary, thyroid, etc) that is used in long distance communication between cells?
a)
Hormones
b)
Neurotransmitters
c)
Synapse
d)
Carbohydrates
44.
When epinephrine binds to cardiac (heart) muscle cells, it speeds their contraction. When it binds to muscle cells of the small intestine, it inhibits their contraction. Which of the following best accounts for the fact that the same hormone can have different effects on muscle cells?
a)
Cardiac cells have more receptors for epinephrine than do intestinal cells
b)
Epinephrine circulates to the heart first and thus is in higher concentration around cardiac cells
c)
The two types of muscle cells have different signal transduction pathways for epinephrine and thus have different cellular responses
d)
Cardiac muscle is stronger than intestinal muscle and thus has a stronger response to epinephrine
45.

What could happen to the target cells in an animal that lack receptors for local regulators?

a)

They could compensate by receiving nutrients via an α factor.

b)

They could develop normally in response to neurotransmitters instead.

c)

They could divide but never reach full size.

d)

They would not be able to multiply in response to growth factors from nearby cells.

46.

What is being depicted in the image?

a)

Amplification of the signal molecule

b)

Enzymatic proteins inhibiting process of the signal transduction pathway

c)

Kinase groups adding dimer groups to other enzymes

d)

Diffusion of molecules within the cell due to the signaling molecule

47.

what could be the cause for a cell to undergo apoptosis?

a)

DNA damage

b)

Radiation

c)

Nutrient deficiency

d)

All of the above

48.

Apoptosis can't kill which of the following?

a)

Cell infected with viruses

b)

Cell with DNA damage

c)

Cancer cells

d)

Immune cells

49.

Which of the following cell organelle actively participates in animal apoptosis?

a)

Nucleus

b)

Mitochondria

c)

Lysosomes

d)

Vacuoles

50.

Give the correct sequence of apoptosis:

1. Nucleus begins to break

2. Nucleus condensation and formation of bleb

3. Phagocytosis of apoptotic bodies.

a)

1, 2, 3

b)

2, 3, 1

c)

3, 2, 1

d)

2,1,3

51.

What is Apoptosis?

a)

Cell programmed Death

b)

Inflammation of cell

c)

Phagocytosis

d)

Necrosis

52.

What could be the cause for a cell to undergo apoptosis?

a)

DNA Damage

b)

Nutrient deficiency

c)

Radiation

d)

All of the above

53.

Which is correct? (2)

a)

Necrosis is uncontrolled cell death

b)

Necrosis is programmed cell death

c)

Apoptosis is uncontrolled cell death

d)

Apoptosis is programmed cell death

54.

Which of the following is true of Type 1 diabetes?

a)

It is an autoimmune disorder.

b)

It is caused by a bacterial infection.

c)

It is caused by a vitamin D deficiency.

d)

It is more prevalent in males than in females.

55.

What hormone is secreted by the alpha cells of the pancreas to raise blood glucose when levels are low?

a)

insulin

b)

cortisol

c)

glucagon

d)

epinephrine

56.

What part of the pancreas produces and secretes insulin?

a)

glomerulus

b)

Bowman's capsule

c)

loop of Henle

d)

Islets of Langerhans

57.

Which of the following is the most accurate definition of diabetes?

a)

a type of blood infection

b)

a metabolic disease characterized by low blood sugar

c)

a metabolic disease characterized by high blood sugar

d)

a neurological disorder

58.

In a person with Type 1 diabetes, what destroys beta cells?

a)

bacteria

b)

free radicals

c)

your immune system

d)

toxins in the environment

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