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EOT-HSS631 Physiological Coordination

Total questions: 114

Worksheet time: 1hrs 18mins

Name
Class
Date
1.

From the perspective of the cell receiving the message, the three stages of cell signalling in order are:

a)

The paracrine, local and synaptic stages

b)

Signal reception, signal transduction and cellular response

c)

Signal reception, nucleus disintegration and new cell generation

d)

The alpha, beta and gamma stages

2.

At puberty, an adolescent female body changes in both structure and function of several organ systems, primarily under the influence of changing concentrations of estrogen and other steroid hormones. How can one hormone, such as estrogen, mediate so many effects?

a)

Estrogen is produced in very large concentrations and therefore diffuses widely

b)

Estrogen has specific receptors inside several cell types, but each cell responds in the same way to its binding.

c)

Estrogen is kept away from the surface of any cells not able to bind to it at the surface.

d)

Estrogen binds to specific receptors inside many kinds of cells, each of which have different responses to its binding.

3.

Binding of a signalling molecule to which type of receptor leads directly to a change in distribution of ions on opposite sides of the membrane?

a)

Receptor tyrosine kinases

b)

G- protein coupled receptors

c)

Phosphorylated receptor tyrosine kinase dimer

d)

Ligand-gated ion channel

4.

Many of the extracellular signal molecules that regulate inflammation are released locally at the site of infection. What form of cell-to-cell signaling is being used?

a)

Endocrine

b)

Paracrine

c)

Autocrine

d)

Intracellular

5.

When the hormone insulin is released into the bloodstream, what form of cell-to-cell signaling is being used?

a)

Paracrine signalling

b)

Synaptic signalling

c)

Autocrine signalling

d)

Endocrine signalling

6.

What does a target cell require to respond to an extracellular signal molecule?

a)

Access to the signal molecule

b)

An appropriate receptor for the signal molecule

c)

Appropriate intracellular signaling pathways

d)

All of the above

7.

When cells respond to an extracellular signal, they most often convert the information from one form to another. This process is called:

a)

Signal transformation

b)

Signal transduction

c)

Signal interference

d)

Signal amplification

8.

What is a phosphorylation cascade?

a)

travelling of hormones through the air

b)

travelling of hormones through the blood

c)

the removal of a phosphate

d)

a series of molecules that get phosphorylated and change in shaped

9.
Which of the following is a chemical message that usually travels through the bloodstream to target cells?
a)
hormone
b)
local regulator
c)
endocrine cell
10.
What type of transmembrane receptor is being shown?
a)
 tyrosine kinase receptor
b)
G-protein receptor
c)
gated ion channel
11.

What type of transmembrane receptor is being shown?

a)

G-protein receptor

b)

tyrosine kinase receptor

c)

gated ion channel

12.
What type of transmembrane receptor is being shown?
a)
gated ion channel
b)
G-protein receptor
c)
tyrosine kinase receptor
13.
Which of the following correctly describes the reception stage of this signal transduction pathway?
a)
epinephrine binds to a g-protein coupled receptor protein present in the cell membrane
b)
the g protein changes shape, is activated, activates adenyl cyclase, which activates cAMP, which activates protein kinases
c)
protein kinases phosphoylate molecules
d)
glycogen synthesis is inhibited and glycogen breakdown is promoted
14.

A series of chemical reactions that relay chemical message inside the cell; may amplify the signal

a)

reception

b)

transduction

c)

response

d)

activation

15.

the change in cell activity that results from the binding of the ligand to the receptor

a)

reception

b)

transduction

c)

integration

d)

response

16.
When a neuron responds to a particular neurotransmitter by opening gated ion channels, the neurotransmitter is serving as which part of the signal pathway?
a)
relay molecule
b)
endocrine molecule
c)
signal molecule
d)
receptor
17.
Which of the following is true for the signaling system in an animal cell that lacks the ability to produce GTP?
a)
It could activate only the epinephrine system.
b)
It would be able to carry out reception and transduction but would not be able to respond to a signal.
c)
It would not be able to activate and inactivate the G protein on the cytoplasmic side of the plasma membrane.
d)
It would employ a transduction pathway directly from an external messenger.
18.
At puberty, an adolescent female body changes in both structure and function of several organ systems, primarily under the influence of changing concentrations of estrogens and other steroid hormones. How can one hormone, such as estrogen, mediate so many effects?
a)
Estrogen is produced in very large concentration and therefore diffuses widely.
b)
Estrogen binds to specific receptors inside many kinds of cells, each of which have different responses to its binding.
c)
The subcomponents of estrogen, when metabolized, can influence cell response.
d)
Estrogen is kept away from the surface of any cells not able to bind it at the surface.
19.
What are scaffolding proteins?
a)
ladderlike proteins that allow receptor–ligand complexes to climb through cells from one position to another
b)
proteins that can reach into the nucleus of a cell to affect transcription
c)
microtubular protein arrays that allow lipid–soluble hormones to get from the cell membrane to the nuclear pores
d)
large molecules to which several relay proteins attach to facilitate cascade effects
20.
Which of the following describes the events of apoptosis?
a)
The cell dies and the presence of its fragmented contents stimulates nearby cells to divide.
b)
Its DNA and organelles are fragmented, the cell shrinks and forms blebs, and then is phagocytized.
c)
Its DNA and organelles shrink then it dies.
d)
Its nucleus and organelles are lysed, then the cell enlarges and bursts.
21.
Phosphorylation cascades involving a series of protein kinases are useful for cellular signal transduction because
a)
they amplify the original signal manyfold.
b)
they always lead to the same cellular response.
c)
they are species specific.
d)
the number of molecules used is small and fixed.
22.
Epinephrine (also known as adrenaline or adrenalin) is a hormone and a neurotransmitter. The model for the action of Epinephrine is shown below.
Which of the following molecules act as a second messenger in the cascade by which epinephrine stimulates the activation of the enzyme glycogen phosphorylase?
a)
Adenosine
b)
Adenylyl cyclase
c)
Citric acid
d)
Cyclic AMP
23.
The term steroid describes both hormones produced by the body and artificially produced medications that duplicate the action for the naturally occurring steroids. All of the following describe steroid hormones EXCEPT:
a)
A.  They bind with receptor proteins in the plasma membrane to trigger cellular responses.
b)
A.  They are derived from cholesterol and are lipid soluble.
c)
They serve as ligands in signal transduction pathways
d)
A.  They are exemplified by testosterone, estrogen and progesterone
24.

Many signal transduction pathways use second messengers to:

a)

transport a signal through the lipid bilayer portion of the plasma membrane.

b)

relay a signal from the outside to the inside of the cell.

c)

relay the message from the inside of the membrane throughout the cytoplasm.

d)

amplify the message by phosphorylating proteins.

25.

What is the amplification of a series of kinases called?

a)

phosphorylation cascade

b)

kinase cascade

c)

phosphatase cascade

d)

ATPase cascade

26.

How do bacteria sense local population density?

a)

quorum sensing

b)

bacteria sensing

c)

signal sensing

d)

population sensing

27.

In cell signaling, how is the flow of specific ions

regulated?

a)

Opening and closing of ligand-gated channels

b)

Transduction

c)

Cytoskeleton rearrangement

d)

Endocytosis

28.

Which of the following transduction signal molecules pass through the plasma membrane and bind to the intracellular receptors that move into the nucleus and function as transcription factors to regulate gene expression?

a)

epinephrine

b)

growth factors

c)

yeast mating factors

d)

testosterone, a steroid hormone

29.

Which of the following statements best describes the action of testosterone on cells of the human gonads?

a)

The hormone acts as the first messenger when it binds to and activates the G protein-coupled receptors on the surface of cells in the testes. This activates the mobile G protein located inside the cell.

b)

The hormone enters the cells in the testes by first binding with a membrane receptor, which causes a channel to open in the membrane, allowing testosterone to flood into the cell.

c)

The hormone readily passes through the cell membrane and binds to a receptor in the cytoplasm. The hormone and receptor then enter the nucleus and act as a transcription factor that turns on one or more genes.

d)

The hormone binds with cAMP on the surface of the cell. Once attached to cAMP the hormone enters the cell and initiates a signal transduction pathway.

30.

What could happen to the target cells in an animal that lack receptors for local regulators?

a)

They could compensate by receiving nutrients via an α factor.

b)

They could develop normally in response to neurotransmitters instead.

c)

They could divide but never reach full size.

d)

They would not be able to multiply in response to growth factors from nearby cells.

31.

which of the following is true about the following images

a)

It is a kind of direct signaling

b)

the ligand is hormone

c)

it is paracrine process

d)

it is membrane bound receptors

32.

which of the following is not an example of a response

a)

stop RNA translation

b)

Stop RNA transcription

c)

Stop gene expression

d)

change vesicle activity

33.

which of the following is correct about homeostasis

a)

It needs coordination between Nervous and Endocrine system

b)

it can be achieved by both positive and negative feedback mechanism for all conditions

c)

it can contribute for internal stability of the body

d)

positive feedback is more common than negative feedback

34.
What is "stimuli"?
a)
A major organ in the brain that is a part of the nervous system. 
b)
What your body does to a change or a signal. 
c)
A change or a signal your body receives. 
35.

Which of the following is not a function of the medulla oblongata?

a)

Control vomiting reflexes

b)

Control blood pressure

c)

Control cardiac rate

d)

Control breathing rate

e)

Control speech patterns

36.

Which of the following statements about axons is true?

a)

There are often numerous axons for each neuron

b)

The axon is the site of neurotransmitter production

c)

The axon carries action potentials away from the cell body of a neuron

d)

The axon contains the cell nucleus

37.

Which of the following structures is found only in the peripheral nervous system?

a)

Free nerve ending

b)

Gray matter

c)

Oligodendrocytes

d)

Interneurons

e)

White matter

38.

Which of the following is responsible for creating myelin, for the myelin sheaths of axons?

a)

Schwann cells only

b)

Oligodendrocytes only

c)

Schwann cells and oligodendrocytes

d)

None of the other answers are correct

39.

During an action potential, why is there a hyperpolarization phase?

a)

The sodium-potassium pump is active

b)

Negatively charged chloride ions enter the cell to end the action potential

c)

Voltage-gated sodium channels remain open

d)

Voltage-gated potassium channels remain open

40.

Which of the following is true about cells at resting potential?

a)

There is a higher concentration of sodium inside of the cell

b)

They have a resting potential of -30mV relative to the outside of the cell

c)

There is a higher concentration of potassium outside of the cell

d)

A sodium-potassium pump keeps the membrane polarized

41.

A patient is taken to the hospital after suffering severe head trauma. He is unconscious for two days before waking up. Upon standing, the patient finds he has moderate trouble walking straight and has difficulty maintaining his balance.


Based on these symptoms, what part of the patient's brain do you suspect was damaged in the accident?

a)

medulla oblongata

b)

cerebrum

c)

hypothalamus

d)

amygdala

e)

cerebellum

42.

When stimulated, the vagus nerve slows down heart rate. We can assume that the vagus nerve is classified under which branch of the nervous system?

a)

Parasympathetic nervous system

b)

Neuroglia

c)

Sympathetic nervous system

d)

Somatic nervous system

e)

Central nervous system

43.

Action potentials move down myelinated axons via salutatory conduction. This is because __________.

a)

they jump from gap to gap in between the myelin sheaths

b)

they speed up dramatically in areas with more myelin wrapping, depending on the thickness of the sheath

c)

additional impulses boost their speed periodically

d)

they jump from the middle of the gaps to the middle of the myelin sheaths

44.

Which of the following reasons best explains the "hyperpolarization" phenomenon during an action potential?

a)

Sodium channels close slowly, thus allowing too much sodium into the cell

b)

Potassium channels close slowly, thus allowing too much potassium out of the cell

c)

Hyperpolarization only occurs in cells that are not able to be depolarized

d)

Sodium channels close quickly, not allowing enough sodium into the cell

45.

Electrical activity in the nervous system is transmitted by impulses known as action potentials. An action potential generally begins when a stimulus reaches the dendrites of a neuron, triggering a number of cell membrane conductivity changes. After the stimulus, there is a period of time during which no second stimulus, no matter how strong, can cause a second action potential. What is the name for this period of time?

a)

Apoptosis

b)

Threshold period

c)

Depolarization

d)

Saltatory conduction

e)

Absolute refractory period

46.

Which of the following is characterized by having a membrane potential below -70mV?

a)

Refractory period

b)

Resting potential

c)

Action potential

d)

Threshold

47.

Which portion of a neuron receives neurotransmitters from a previous neuron, signaling the need for propagation of action potential?

a)

Dendrites

b)

Axon

c)

Synaptic terminal

d)

Soma

48.

An example of DIRECT cell communication is:

a)

White blood cells bumping into each other sharing antigen info

b)

Neurons communicating across a synapse

c)

Hormones traveling through the blood stream to target tissues

49.

An example of DIRECT cell communication is:

a)

White blood cells bumping into each other sharing antigen info

b)

Neurons communicating across a synapse

c)

Hormones traveling through the blood stream to target tissues

50.

Name the structure labeled 'B' (see image)

a)

Post synaptic terminal

b)

Receptor

c)

Ligand

d)

Neurotransmitter

51.

The structure labeled 'E' is called _____ and is filled with ______

a)

Vacuole; lipids

b)

Synapse; neurotransmitters

c)

Membrane; lipids

d)

Vesicle; neurotransmitters

52.

The structure labeled 'E' is called _____ and is filled with ______

a)

Vacuole; lipids

b)

Synapse; neurotransmitters

c)

Membrane; lipids

d)

Vesicle; neurotransmitters

53.

Sensory neurons are also called ____________ neurons

a)

Afferent

b)

Efferent

54.

During an action potential, what occurs during 'A' (see graph)?

a)

Sodium rushes into the cell

b)

Potassium rushes out of the cell

c)

The sodium potassium pump carefully resets the original internal and external charges

d)

Failure to reach threshold - no action potential

55.

During an action potential, what occurs during 'C' (see graph)?

a)

Sodium rushes into the cell

b)

Potassium rushes out of the cell

c)

The sodium potassium pump carefully resets the original internal and external charges

d)

Failure to reach threshold - no action potential

56.

During an action potential, what are sections A, B, and C (in that order) called?

a)

Depolarization, Repolarization, Hyperpolarization

b)

Repolarization, Depolarization, Hyperpolarization

c)

Hyperpolarization, Depolarization, Repolarization

57.
________ hormones play an essential role in the growth and development of female secondary sexual characteristics such as breasts, pubic and armpit hair, endometrium, and the regulation of the menstrual cycle and reproductive system.
a)
Oxytocin
b)
Testerone
c)
Estrogen
58.
The _____ _____ is the master gland of the body because it releases hormones that stimulate other glands.  It is located at the base of the brain. 
a)
gonads
b)
thymus gland
c)
thyroid gland
d)
pituitary gland
59.
________ hormones play an essential role in the growth and development of female secondary sexual characteristics such as breasts, pubic and armpit hair, endometrium, and the regulation of the menstrual cycle and reproductive system.
a)
Oxytocin
b)
Testerone
c)
Estrogen
60.

What is the main function of the endocrine system?

a)

It creates chemicals, or hormones, that are sent around the body to maintain homeostasis.

b)

It creates electrical messages that are sent around the body to maintain homeostasis.

c)

It maintains the correct level of oxygen in the body to maintain homeostasis.

d)

It releases waste from the body to maintain homeostasis.

61.

The CENTRAL nervous system is made up of which two organs?

a)

Brain and Spinal Cord

b)

Spinal Cord and Peripheral Nerves

c)

Peripheral Nerves and Heart

d)

Heart and Lungs

62.
Which type of neuron signals digestive glands to release enzymes, muscles to contract, or causes other actions in the body?
a)
sensory
b)
motor
c)
interneuron
d)
relay neuron
63.
Which type of neuron is present in the spinal cord or brain and receives sensory neuron signals or communicates signals to motor neurons?
a)
sensory
b)
motor
c)
interneuron
d)
effector neurons
64.

Label the Neuron-What does the letter "G" represent?

a)

Dendrite

b)

Axon

c)

Myelin Sheath

d)

Node of Ranvier

65.

Which two systems work together to maintain homeostasis while transporting oxygen throughout the body and removing carbon dioxide?

a)

circulatory and respiratory

b)

respiratory and excretory

c)

circulatory and digestive

d)

respiratory and digestive

66.
The gland that stimulates body metabolism
a)
Thyroid
b)
testes
c)
ovary
d)
adrenal
67.

The adrenal glands release adrenaline to help the body regulate _________________.

a)

diseases

b)

body temperature.

c)

stress.

d)

hormones.

68.

Which of the following are chemicals that travel in the blood and cause changes in different parts of the body?

a)

Hormones

b)

Glands

c)

Parathyroid

d)

Adrenal Gland

69.

The response to stress is called

a)

Stay or Stray Response

b)

Fight or Stay Response

c)

Flee or Stray Response

d)

Fight or Flight Response

70.

What type of neuron is represented on the image?

a)

Motor Neuron

b)

Interneuron

c)

Sensory Neuron

71.

What type of neuron is represented on the image?

a)

Motor Neuron

b)

Interneuron

c)

Sensory Neuron

72.

What type of neuron is represented on the image?

a)

Motor Neuron

b)

Interneuron

c)

Sensory Neuron

73.

What do Nodes of Ranvier do?

a)

Intakes information from other neurons

b)

Produces fatty tissue for the Myelin Sheath

c)

Sends information to the next cell

d)

Controls the speed of electrical signal through the axon

74.

Neurons communicate with each other through electrical and chemical impulses. Which of the following is true?

a)

Neurons communicate electrically through neurotransmitters and chemically through hormones.

b)

Neurons communicate electrically through action potentials and chemically through neurotransmitters.

c)

Neurons communicate electrically through neurotransmitters and chemically through action potentials

75.

In which direction does an electrical signal transmit along a neuron?

a)

Dendrite -> Axon terminal -> Cell body -> Axon

b)

Axon terminal -> Axon -> Dendrite -> Cell body

c)

Cell body -> Axon -> Axon terminal -> Dendrite

d)

Dendrite -> Cell body -> Axon -> Axon terminal

76.

Identify the type of neuron labelled 'B'

(a)  

77.

Neuron A in the image is what type of neuron?

a)

Sensory neuron

b)

Relay neuron

c)

Motor neuron

78.

Neuron B in the image is what type of neuron?

a)

Sensory neuron

b)

Relay neuron

c)

Motor neuron

79.

Which neuron carries nerve impulses between neurons?

a)

Neuron A

b)

Neuron B

c)

Neuron C

80.
The tiny gap between neurons where nerve impulses are sent from one neuron to another.  It is where communication occurs between an axon and dendrite
a)
synapse
b)
axon terminal
c)
impulse
d)
myelin
81.

If I step on a nail...what type of neurons send the response from the brain to my muscles?

a)

motor

b)

interneurons

c)

sensory

d)

not neurons, muscle tissue sends the response

82.

If I step on a nail...what type of neurons send the response from the brain to my muscles?

a)

motor

b)

interneurons

c)

sensory

d)

not neurons, muscle tissue sends the response

83.

Taste and smell are similar because:

a)

They are both located on the face

b)

They both detect chemicals

c)

They both require conscious effort to detect

d)

They both bypass the brain

84.

the part of the eye that controls the amount of light to get inside the eye is

a)

pupil and cortex

b)

cornea and the iris

c)

irsis and the pupil

d)

retina and the lens

85.
The sense of taste detects ________________ stimuli.
a)
chemical
b)
mechanical
c)
electromagnetic
d)
thermal
86.
A receptor that detects light and darkness it's called...
a)
Photoreceptor
b)
Mechanoreceptor
c)
Chemoreceptor
d)
brightnessreceptor
87.
Taste receptors in the gustatory system are...
a)
Chemoreceptors
b)
Mechanoreceptors
c)
Electroreceptors
d)
Photoreceptors
88.

Which sense detects pressure and heat

a)

sight

b)

hearing

c)

taste

d)

touch

89.
Which nerve transmits information from the eye to the brain?
a)
Optic
b)
Olfactory
c)
Occulomotor
d)
Trigeminal
90.

________________________ cells are the cells in the papillae that react with chemicals to send electrical signals to the brain.

a)

Odorant receptor

b)

Olfactory receptor

c)

Gustatory receptor

d)

Taste receptor

91.
Nociceptor is a sensory receptor where?
a)
in the stomach
b)
in the skin
c)
in your spine
92.
What type of sensor detects pressure?
a)
thermoreceptor
b)
Meissner corpuscle
c)
pacinain corpuscle
93.
Someone pokes you in the shoulder.  Which receptor would send this information to your brain?  (deep pressure, constantly changing stimuli)
a)
Krause End bulbs
b)
Meissner Corpuscle
c)
Pacinian Corpuscle
d)
Ruffini Endings
94.

The nerves associated with smell are referred to as the:

a)

olfactory receptor cells

b)

smell cells

c)

gustatory receptor cells

d)

umami cells

95.

The ear has three parts

a)

outer ear, outer ear and midle ear

b)

middle ear, inner ear and ear

c)

outer ear, middle ear and inner ear

96.

The cochlea sends the sound through

a)

the ear canal to the brain

b)

the cochlea to the brain

c)

the auditory nerve to the brain

97.

What three primary colors of light are detected by your cones?

a)

Green, red, and blue

b)

Black, gray, and white

c)

Blue, red, and yellow

d)

Blue, green, and purple

e)

Cyan, magenta, and yellow

98.

The skin senses for which of the following?

a)

Temperature

b)

Pressure

c)

Pain

d)

Touch

e)

The skin can sense all of these

99.

Which two senses are directly connected?

a)

Sight and touch

b)

Taste and smell

c)

Smell and sight

d)

Hearing and taste

100.

The illustration below shows the structure of the human eye. The sensory receptors on the back of the eye react to light. The pupil is a hole in the iris, a structure in the front of the eye. Movements of the iris can cause the pupil to become larger or smaller. What observation would provide evidence for the claim that, by controlling the size of the pupil, the iris controls the amount of light that reaches the receptors in the eye?

a)

Other animals, such as fish and cats, have a pupil with a very different shape.

b)

The pupil becomes larger in dim light and smaller in bright light.

c)

There are no sensory receptors directly on the pupil at the front of the eye.

d)

Shining a bright light directly away from the eye causes no change in the pupil.

101.

When exposed to a bright light, a pupil will...

a)

Dilate

b)

Go Away

c)

Constrict

d)

Get Bigger

102.

Muscle and pressure receptors in the skin

a)

Nociceptor

b)

Thermoreceptor

c)

Olfactory Receptor

d)

Mechanoreceptor

103.

Look at the picture. In this scenario: name the stimulus, the receptor, the effector and the response.

a)

Stimulus = fire

Receptor = hand

Effector = skin

Response = move hand away.

b)

Stimulus = hot pan

Receptor = skin

Effector = muscles in arm and hand

Response = move hand away

c)

Stimulus = fire

Receptor = fingers

Effector = muscles in arm and hand

Response = move hand away

d)

Stimulus = hot pan

Receptor = skin

Effector = muscles in arm and hand

Response = clench hand tighter

104.
The hormone released by the anterior pituitary that promotes lactation
a)
prolactin
b)
oxytocin
c)
luteinizing hormone
d)
follicle-stimulating hormone
105.
The hormone released by the anterior pituitary that stimulates the development of sperm and egg
a)
luteinizing hormone
b)
follicle stimulating hormone
c)
thyroid hormone
d)
thymopoietin
106.
Triggers the adrenals during stress 
a)
TSH
b)
ACTH
c)
FSH
d)
LH
107.
Released from the pituitary, this hormone stimulates uterine contractions during birth.
a)
Prolactin
b)
Steroids
c)
Estrogen
d)
Oxytocin
108.
This hormone is released from the thyroid to stimulate the removal of calcium from the bone; balances the calcium levels in blood when it is too high.
a)
Calcitonin
b)
PTH
c)
Melatonin
d)
Cortisol
109.

The growth hormone affect all cells. The body part stimulates it's release.

a)

Parathyroid

b)

Hypothalamus (Pituitary)

c)

Pancreas

d)

Thyroid

110.

What gland secretes the hormones corticosteroids and adrenaline?

a)

Adrenals

b)

Parathyroids

c)

Pineal Body

d)

Thyroid

111.
Letter E is pointing to
a)
Thymus
b)
Pineal Gland
c)
Adrenal
d)
Parathyroids
112.
Letter B is pointing to
a)
Thymus
b)
Pineal Gland
c)
Adrenal
d)
Parathyroids
113.
A person with an abnormally low metabolic rate, who is overweight and is lacking in energy
a)
hypothyroidism
b)
hyperthyroidism
c)
hypoparathyroidism
d)
hyperparathyroidism
114.

melatonin that maintains circadian cycles

a)

Pancreas

b)

Parathyroid

c)

Pineal

d)

Pituitary