Transmission of genes from one cell to another without reproduction or increase in cell numbers is termed.

If the antibiotic cannot reach the potential target because of permeability barriers or if the organism does not possess the antibiotic target, this is known as ________ resistance.

________ resistance may either result from mutations in the genes the organism already has, or by the organism receiving new, additional genetic information from other cells.

Mutation is a clinically important source of antibiotic resistance.

Which of the following is NOT one of the three ways in which new genes may be obtained by a bacterial cell?

_____________ is when a cell dies, disintegrates and releases its genetic information (DNA), which is picked up by another healthy cell that then transports it through its cell membrane and incorporates it into its own chromosome.

__________ is when a bacterial cell is infected by a bacteriophage (phage) which does not immediately kill it but becomes dormant inside the bacterial host and its nucleic acid becomes incorporated into that of the host.

____________ is the most important mechanism of horizontal gene transfer.

Transposons are also called:

__________ is the effort to measure and improve how antibiotics are prescribed by clinicians and used by patients.

Alexander Fleming discovered the first antibiotic, __________, in 1928.

What is true about the ‘ESKAPE’ pathogens?

Which of the following are reasons why major pharmaceutical companies abandoned research and development in antibiotics?

Which of the following are part of the antibiotic policies that were put into place in hospitals in the 1970s and 1980s:

Which of the following is NOT one of the aims of antibiotic stewardship?

___________ is the number and type of microorganisms present in or on a pharmaceutical raw material, medicine or medical device.

Another term for quantitative bioburden is:

____________ is subjected to bioburden testing more commonly than any other material.

Counts are expressed using which of the following units?

The most common method for determining the TVC is the:

____________ is when discrete drops of suspension are placed on the surface to give clusters of colonies in the locations where the drops soaked into the gel.

When the sample contains insoluble material that would interfere with plate counts, the best counting method to use is:

Identification of bacteria is based on which of the following? (select all that apply)

Chemical biocides are used as antiseptics, preservatives or disinfectants and are NOT used systemically for therapeutic purposes

Agents that have a broad spectrum of antimicrobial activity and are nontoxic enough to allow them to be used on broken skin or mucosal surfaces

Agents that possess broad antimicrobial activity but will have toxicity issues limiting their use to inanimate surfaces such as worktops, floors, sinks and drains

Broad spectrum antimicrobial agents incorporated into pharmaceutical and other products to prevent the growth of contaminant microorganisms which might arise during use

What does a virucidal agent do?

What is the minimum inhibitory concentration or MIC?

Which type of quantitative test simulates in-use tests and and includes surface disinfection testing?