Eradication of Streptococcus agalactiae from an infected dairy cow herd:

Bacterial endotoxin

Which of the following is NOT a bacterial superantigen?

Which of the following is a facultative intracellular pathogen?

Most bacterial antigens are broken down and processed exogenously

Antigens from a replicating virus are processed endogenously but can also be processed exogenously

A T-helper 2 immune cell response leads primarily to an antibody response.

Staphylococcus aureus is an obligate intramammary pathogen

Valvular endocarditis can occur with many streptococcal infections

Streptococcus canis is more likely to cause wound infections in cats than it is in dogs.

Most attempts to develop efficacious immunizing against the streptococci have not yet yielded good results

Most alpha-hemolytic streptococci are susceptible to penicillin

MALDI-TOF-MS identifies bacteria based on large proteins and carbohydrates

16s rRNA homology is good for determining relationships between diverse groups of bacteria

Penicillins and cephalosporins bind to bacterial transpeptidases

Beta-lactam antimicrobials break the Beta-1,4 binding in peptidoglycan

4-Fluoroquinolones inhibit bacterial DNA-gyrase

Detergents and soaps kill staphylococci by destroying the binding in peptidoglycan

Bacterial fimbria are composed mainly of carbohydrates

Biofilms are essentially bacterial micro-colonies that attach to catheters, bone plates, etc.

Most bacterial growth is inhibited by the presence of carbon dioxide

The intestinal microbiome has been shown to affect proper neurologic function in humans

Proteinaceous bacterial adhesins usually attach to specific ligands on mucosal surfaces

Bacteria that colonize or invade mucosal epithelial cells do not stimulate memory T-cells.

Killed bacteria are good at stimulating an IgA response

IgM is important for defense against organisms that have polysaccharides on their surface.

IgM has the longest half-life of all the immunoglobulins due to its large size.

Most bacterial infections occur at sites that have relatively poor immune defenses

Bacterial phospholipases can only act on specific cell types that have protein ligands to which the phospholipase can bind

Alpha hemolysis can only be caused by alpha hemolysin

Lethal factor of Bacillus anthracis cleaves MAPK/ERK kinase which is required for signal transduction in CD4+ T-cells and fibroblasts

Anthrax is most commonly a problem in herbivores

Type ______ secretion systems utilize an "injectosome" that is functionally similar tot he basal body of bacterial flagella

Type ______ secretion systems are analogous to bacterial conjugation

Streptococcus agalactiae is only susceptible to penicillin or other beta-lactam antimicrobials

The term "Group A Streptococcus" is synonymous with the name Streptococcus pyogenes.

Streptococcus equi can be in several Lancefield groups but possesses only one dominant M-protein.

Development of strangles in horses usually requires some immunosuppression or traumatic introduction.

Streptococcus equi subspecies zooepidemicus is considered to be a commensal of the skin, mucous membranes, and tonsils of horses.

Antibiotics active against bacteria are limited to those that inhibit protein synthesis or peptidoglycan synthesis.

The antimicrobial with the widest zone of inhibition on a Kirby-Bauer test is the best drug to choose to treat an infection.

Antimicrobial breakpoints have been established for most domestic animal pathogens

An antibiotic that is bacteriostatic for one organism can be bactericidal for another organism

Antigens of facultative intracellular bacteria are exclusively processed exogenously

Most bacterial antigens tend to stimulate both Th1 and Th2 immune response at the same time

Bacterial surface polysaccharides usually stimulate the production of IgG

Recognition of a bacterial pathogen by antibody and subsequent fixation of complement is usually lethal to the pathogen

Biovars of the same organism differ only in the composition of their dominant protein or polysaccharide antigens

Pyelonephritis in cattle is associated with immunosuppression or predisposing factors

Immunity against Listeria monocytogenes is primarily mediated by antibody and complement

Toaster waffles contaminated with small numbers of non-pathogenic Listeria monocytogenes cannot be sold even though no disease has been associated with them because any food product containing unapproved bacteria is considered adulterated.

Listeriosis in humans is a superantigen disease

Circling disease in ruminants most often occurs because of immunosuppression

The natural habitat of Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae is the skin of swine and turkeys which accounts for the diamond skin form of the disease

Streptococcus canis is more likely to cause disease in cats than it is in dogs.

A polymerase chain reaction (PCR) detects specific gene sequences in bacteria

Some bacterial proteins are only produced if the bacteria are infected with a specific bacteriophage encoding the genes for production of those proteins

Transpeptidation of peptidoglycan in gram negative bacteria is much more extensive than it is in gram positive bacteria

A coordinate or global regulatory circuit responding to a single nutrient can be used by bacteria to regulate their metabolism and the production of many virulence factors

Bacteria grow most rapidly in the log-phase of growth

Most facultative intracellular bacteria genetically encode all active cell invasion mechanisms

Facultative intracellular bacteria are often more hydrophobic than the plasma membranes of eukaryotic cells

There is little to no monomeric IgA in the plasma of most mammals

Peptidoglycan and lipopolysaccharide are mitogenic for B-cells

Bacterial lipopolysaccharide:

Matrix-assisted laser detected ionization-time of flight mass spectroscopy (MALDI-TOF-MS)

Which of the following is a mechanism of action of one of the Bacillus anthracis toxins?

Which of the following produces crystalline proteins that act as pore-forming toxins with receptors on insect intestinal epithelium

Which of the following is most likely to be involved in survival inside an abscess

Which of the following is NOT a known virulence factor of Staphylococcus aureus?

Staphyloccus aureus that is resistant to penicillinase-resistant penicillins (PRP):

The Lancefield test:

Which of the following is a DNA-gyrase inhibiting antibiotic:

Bacterial polysaccharide antigens most commonly:

Which of the following bacteria produces the most (thickest) capsular polysaccharide?

Harvest of a bacterial antigen or whole-cell bacterin is LEAST likely to be done in which growth phase:

Mastitis caused by which of the following is usually not responsive to antimicrobial therapy?

Which of the following organisms does not have soil or decaying plant material as a natural habitat?

Bacterial fimbriae are able to bridge the strong repulsive forces between bacterial polysaccharides and eukaryotic cells in part because of the small radius of curvature of the fimbriae

A bacterium that produces catalase or peroxidase also produces hydrogen peroxide as a metabolic byproduct

Bacterial F-antigens are otherwise known as flagellar antigens

Capsular polysaccharides are usually highly antigenic and stimulate highly protective humoral immune responses.

Enterotoxins and endotoxins have the same basic mechanism of action

One of the reasons gram negative bacteria are more resistant to antimicrobial therapy is the outer membrane is less permeable to hydrophobic and amphiphilic molecules

Clavulanic acid is a commonly used beta-lactam antibiotic that has little antibacterial activity of its own

Streptococci are the only organisms that grow in chains

Bacterial spores are protected with a very thick cortex composed of peptidogylcan layer that is synthesized inside-out

Bacillus cereus variety anthracis has two plasmids of Bacillus anthracis (pXO1 and pXO2)

The genes encoding the insect toxin from Bacillus thuringiensis have been cloned into corn

When Listeria monocytogenes multiplies in cell cytoplasm its antigens are exogenously processed by the immune system

Septicemia is a common manifestation of erysipeloid in humans

Infection with Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae commonly presents as lameness in domestic animals

The neutrophil is the primary cell type responsible for killing an obligate intracellular pathogen

Staphylococci that produce beta or double-zone hemolysis are usually coagulase positive.

Systemic use of aminoglycosides in food producing animals is generally not allowed because of extremely long withdrawal times

Normal flora are incapable of stimulating an immune response in their hosts even if injected parenterally.

Resistance to methicillin is commonly found in Staphylococcus aureus isolated from swine because of over-use of methicillin in swine

Pregnancy and other immunosuppressive conditions predispose cattle and swine to infections caused by Corynebacterium renale and Actinobaculum suis respectively

Lesions of caseous lymphadenitis in sheep and goats resolve rather quickly if injected with long-acting antibiotic

Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis is not usually pathogenic for humans.

Rhodococcus equi does not have a hemolysin but it does produce a substance that destabilizes red cell membranes

IgA stimulated by exposure of a pathogen to the gut epithelium will be useless against that same organism attacking the mammary gland mucosa

IgM has a long half life because it is such a large molecule compared to IgG or IgA.

Bacterial polysaccharides can fix complement directly which helps the host mount a protective immune response

Antibody against a bacterial iron-biding protein can severely limit the growth of that bacterium

Bactericidal antibiotics are always preferable to bacteriostatic antibiotics because bacteriostatic ones have to rely on the host immune system