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Worksheets11.1 Science LT Reviewer
Total questions: 116
Worksheet time: 2hrs 17mins
The emergence of the universe brought about the formation of elements, and consequently of matter. It is believed that the (a) temperature of the universe was an ideal condition for nuclear reactions to occur.
_______ nucleosynthesis produced the light elements. The light elements include ________ and its isotope deuterium, helium-3, helium-4, and lithium-7.
(a)
After about a minute, temperature further decreased just enough for a proton and a neutron to collide and stick together to form the nucleus of (a)
In a nucleus, protons and neutrons are held together by the (a) force.
Nucleosynthesis in stars is called the ________ nucleosynthesis, which is responsible for the formation of heavy elements. Its two key processes are nuclear ________ & _________ capture which releases and requires energy, respectively.
Correct answer:
(a)
________ is the explosion of a star, resulting in an extreme brightness and release of an exceedingly high amount of energy. This results in the formation of other elements heavier than _______ .
(a)
Which elements are produced during stellar nucleosynthesis?
Silicon-28
Lithium-7
Carbon-12
Helium-4
What was formed in the reaction below shown?
lithium-3
helium-4
helium-3
hydrogen-3
Iron-56 is the most stable element since it has the highest binding energy.
True
False
Which of the following processes describes the transformation of four hydrogen nuclei (protons) into a helium nucleus by using carbon as catalyst?
carbon burning
helium burning
CNO cycle
p-p chain
Which given events describe nuclear fusion ?
Nuclei of different elements from boron to iron are formed.
Slow addition of neutrons producing stable isotopes up to Pb
Elements heavier than iron-56 are produced.
A reaction through which light nuclei combine to form a heavier nucleus.
Which given events describe neutron capture?
It fuels the stars at their cores.
R-process producing elements beyond Pb
Nuclei of different elements from boron to iron are formed.
Slow addition of neutrons producing stable isotopes up to Pb
The formation of silicon establishes the following reactions through _________ process that lead to an inner core of a star that is iron- and nickel-rich.
beta
delta
gamma
alpha
Which of the following is most likely to happen once the star has used up the hydrogen in its core?
Helium burning will stop.
Carbon-nitrogen-oxygen (CNO) cycle will stop.
Proton-proton (p-p) chain reaction will proceed.
Hydrogen burning will start.
Which of the following reactions is most likely a source of oxygen in stars?
silicon burning
hydrogen burning
helium burning
carbon burning
In the proton-proton chain reaction, how many hydrogen nuclei are involved in the fusion to form a helium nucleus?
4
6
5
3
Which of the following burning phases involving heavier nuclei produces carbon-12 via the triple alpha process?
helium burning
silicon burning
oxygen burning
carbon burning
Arrange the following processes in chronological order to trace the formation of light and heavy elements.
1-Burning phases involving heavier nuclei.
2-Fusion of four hydrogen nuclei to form a helium nucleus.
3-Rapid process of neutron capture producing elements beyond lead (Pb).
4-Slow addition of neutrons producing stable isotopes up to lead (Pb).
5-Formation of the nucleus of deuterium
(a)
What force holds the protons and neutrons together in a nucleus?
repulsive force
weak force
attractive force
strong force
What was formed from the fusion of two deuterium nuclei and a release of a neutron?
tritium
lithium-3
helium-3
hydrogen-3
Which of the following are true about primordial nucleosynthesis?
It is responsible for the formation of heavy elements.
Some of its products were hydrogen-1 and lithium-7.
It involved nuclear fusion and neutron capture.
It produced the light elements.
Which of the following processes is likely to generate the heaviest element?
triple-alpha process
primordial nucleosynthesis
r-process
p-p chain reactions
Supernova is the explosion of a star, resulting in an extreme brightness and release of an exceedingly high amount of energy. What will be formed as a result of this phenomenon?
nuclei of different elements from hydrogen to lithium
elements heavier than iron
nucleus of deuterium
isotopes lighter than nickel
Why is the nucleus of iron-56 considered as the most stable element?
because it is the lightest element that may be produced by fusion in a star.
because it has the least tightly bound nucleus (per nucleon).
because it has the highest binding energy.
because it has the lowest binding energy.
Stellar nucleosynthesis depends on the mass of the star.
True
False
Deuterium is an isotope of the light element, hydrogen. How is this formed?
It is formed from the combination of proton and neutron.
It is created from the splitting of neutron and electron.
It is produced from the collision of electron and proton
It is made from the division of neutrino and neutron.
a) There are two types of neutron capture processes: the s-process and the r-process.
b) The s-process happens only during stellar explosions, while the r-process occurs inside a star before it explodes
both statements are true
(a) is true, but (b) is false
(a) is false, but (b) is true
both statements are false
a) Nuclear fusion and neutron capture are the two key processes of primordial nucleosynthesis.
b) Nuclear fusion and neutron capture releases and requires energy, respectively.
both statements are true
(a) is true, but (b) is false
(a) is false, but (b) is true
both statements are false
a) Primordial nucleosynthesis produced the light elements.
b) Nucleosynthesis in stars is called stellar nucleosynthesis, which is responsible for the formation of heavy elements.
both statements are true
(a) is true, but (b) is false
(a) is false, but (b) is true
both statements are false
a) Nuclei of different elements from boron to iron formed from neutron capture.
b) Nuclei heavier than iron emerged from nuclear fusion in conjunction with beta decay.
both statements are true
(a) is true, but (b) is false
(a) is false, but (b) is true
both statements are false
The CNO cycle transforms four hydrogen nuclei (protons) into a helium nucleus by using (a) as a catalyst
thought of water as the ultimate substance that constituted matter
Thales
Empedocles
Democritus
Lucretius
believed that atoms were solid and indestrutible
Thales
Empedocles
Democritus
Lucretius
wrote a poem On The Nature of Things, wherein he reaffirmed the basic concepts of atomism
Thales
Empedocles
Democritus
Lucretius
considered air, water, earth, and fire as the 4 essential elements that are the sources of all kinds of matter
Thales
Empedocles
Democritus
Lucretius
Atomism refers to the philosophy for which all matter is produced from atoms. Who is the Greek philosopher who rejected this idea?
Leucippus
Empedocles
Aristotle
Epicurus
Paracelsus founded (a) , also known as medical chemistry.
Who was the teacher of Democritus that is considered as the first atomist?
Leucippus
Empedocles
Lucretius
Epicurus
According to Aristotle, the property of the element earth is hot and wet, fire is hot and dry, water is wet and cold, and air is dry and cold.
True
False
discovered the massive neutral particle, the neutron
Joseph John Thompson
Robert Millikan
James Chadwick
Niels Bohr
Ernest Rutherford
discovered that the atom is mostly empty space with a tiny, dense, positively-charged nucleus
Joseph John Thompson
Robert Millikan
James Chadwick
Niels Bohr
Ernest Rutherford
discovered one of the components of the atom - the electron
Joseph John Thompson
Robert Millikan
James Chadwick
Niels Bohr
Ernest Rutherford
discovered the electron's charge
Joseph John Thompson
Robert Millikan
James Chadwick
Niels Bohr
Ernest Rutherford
explained the stability of atoms and the hydrogen's emission spectrum
Joseph John Thompson
Robert Millikan
James Chadwick
Niels Bohr
Ernest Rutherford
Who founded the law of conservation of mass which states that in a chemical reaction, mass is neither created nor destroyed?
Antoine-Laurent Lavoisier
Eugen Goldstein
Joseph-Louis Proust
Robert Boyle
Which of the following is NOT a postulate of Bohr's model of the hydrogen atom?
Electrons are of the same charge as neutrons.
When an electron jumps from a higher energy level to a lower energy level, light is emitted.
The light emitted or absorbed has energy and a frequency that can be computed from the difference between two energy levels.
Each orbit has an associated energy and a designated energy level.
Electrons assume only definite orbits around the nucleus.
Joseph-Louis Proust performed an experiment where he used copper carbonate as a reactant in a decomposition reaction. He eventually came up with the law of definite proportions. Which of the following describes this law?
The mass ratio of elements in a chemical compound is always changing.
The mass ratio of elements in a chemical compound is always constant.
Matter can undergo chemical changes, and therefore, the total mass before and after a reaction should change.
Matter can undergo chemical changes, but the total mass before and after a reaction should not change.
Who postulated that the elements water, fire, earth, and air are not true elements because they can still be broken down through chemical means into simpler substances such as Fe, O, Pb, H, S?
Robert Boyle
Henry Gwyn Jeffreys Moseley
John Dalton
Robert Millikan
Which of the following elements plays an important role in combustion?
Fluorine
Oxygen
Neon
Chlorine
What were the two postulates of John Dalton's atomic theory that are still accepted today?
The atoms of the elements in a compound are in definite ratio.
Every element consists of tiny, indivisible, indestructible particles called atom.
A chemical reaction is the result of rearrangement, combination or separation of atoms.
All of the atoms of a particular element have the same size, mass and chemical behavior.
Joseph-Louis Proust performed an experiment where he used copper carbonate as a reactant in a decomposition reaction. He eventually came up with the _________________, which states that the mass ratio of elements in a chemical compound is always constant.
law of indefinite composition
law of multiple proportions
law of definite proportions
law of conservation of matter
Which of the following experiments determined the charge of an electron?
cathode ray tube experiment
canal rays experiment
oil drop experiment
gold foil experiment
What does the nucleus of an atom contain?
protons only
protons only
protons and neutrons only
electrons and protons only
Which of the following was not a postulate in Dalton's atomic model?
All of the atoms of a particular element have the same size, mass and chemical behavior.
The atoms of the elements in a compound are in definite ratio.
Every element consists of tiny, indivisible, indestructible particles called atom.
Electrons assume only definite orbits around the nucleus.
According to Bohr, light is (a) when an electron jumps from a lower energy level to a higher energy level.
Lavoisier founded the law of conservation of mass by his experiments on determining mass before and after a chemical reaction. Which of the following describes this law?
In a chemical reaction, mass is neither created nor destroyed.
Matter can undergo chemical changes, and therefore, the total mass before and after a reaction should change.
Mass ratio of elements in a chemical compound is always constant.
Mass is either created or destroyed during a chemical reaction.
According to Thales of Miletus, what was the primary component of all matter?
fire
earth
air
water
What was discovered in the gold foil experiment?
massive neutral particle, neutron
proton has a negative charge
ratio of the charge of an electron to its mass
atom is mostly empty space with a tiny, dense, positively-charged nucleus
Antoine-Laurent Lavoisier investigated chemical reactions, and discovered that (a) plays a role in combustion
According to Aristotle, the property of the element earth is ______ and cold, fire is hot and dry, water is wet and cold, and air is _______ and wet.
(a)
The word "atom" came from the Greek word (a) which means indivisible .
Robert Boyle, a supporter of atomism, believed that atoms indeed exist even though they are not visible to the naked eye. What was the experiment he conducted to verify this idea?
J-tube experiment
Cathode ray tube experiment
Oil-drop experiment
Canal rays experiment
Cathode rays are composed of (a)
Who is considered as the father of Greek atomism?
Thales
Empedocles
Democritus
Lucretius
Who considered air, water, earth, and fire as the four essential elements that are the sources of all kinds of matter?
Thales
Empedocles
Democritus
Lucretius
Alchemists believed that consuming transmuted (a) was the secret to immortality, calling it the elixir of life or the philosopher's stone.
Who founded the school of iatrochemistry, also known as medical chemistry?
Thales
Epicurus
Paracelsus
Lucretius
How do you obtain the charge of an element?
By subtracting the number of electrons from the number of neutrons
By subtracting the number of protons from the number of electrons
By subtracting the number of electrons from the number of protons
By subtracting the number of protons from the number of neutrons
For an aluminum isotope with 13 protons, 10 electrons, and 14 neutrons, the mass number will be equal to __________.
13
24
27
23
Identify the unknown element that is released from the nuclear reaction below.
Plutonium-239, after being hit by an alpha particle, releases an element and a neutron.
Americium-242
Californium-242 4
Curium-242
Berkelium-242
Reactants are written on the left side of the arrow, while products are set on the right side. The arrow, therefore, symbolizes the transformation of reactants into products.
True
False
Identify the missing particle or element.
alpha particle
beta particle
neutron
Identify the missing particle or element.
electron
proton
neutron
Identify the missing particle or element.
positron
proton
electron
Identify the missing particle or element.
Es-252
Cf-252
Md-252
Identify the missing particle or element.
S-32
Si-32
P-32
Identify the unknown element that is produced from the nuclear reaction below.
Boron-10 absorbs a neutron to produce an element and an alpha particle.
Beryllium-7
Lithium-7
Boron-7
Nitrogen-7
Which of the following is TRUE about 1226Mg and 1428Si ?
They both contain the same number of nucleons.
They both contain the same number of electrons.
They both contain the same number of neutrons.
They both contain the same number of protons.
In a neutral atom, the number of protons is always equal to the ____________.
atomic charge
number of electrons
number of neutrons
mass number
Which of the following principles that must be observed in writing nuclear reactions is incorrect?
Reactants are written on the left side of the arrow, while products are set on the right side.
The fundamental particles involved in the reaction must be properly written.
Coefficients must be placed after the formula or symbol to balance the mass number and atomic number.
The sum of the mass number, as well as the atomic number, on both sides of the equation must be equal.
molecular shape and polarity of SF6
(a)
molecular shape and polarity of H2S
(a)
molecular shape and polarity of CH3F
(a)
Which of the following statements about SO2 molecule is true?
The O=S=O bond angle is 180⁰.
It has two lone pairs and two double bond pairs.
Its molecular shape is linear.
It has one lone pair and two double bond pairs.
Which of the following molecular compounds would have a Lewis structure that contains 10 electron dots?
A. H2O
B. HCN
C. NH3
D. CO2
A
B
C
D
VSEPR theory predicts that the molecular shape of the NH3 molecule is ________.
Trigonal pyramidal
Trigonal bipyramidal
T-shaped
Trigonal planar
Based on the Lewis structure of sulfur tetrafluoride (SF4), the number of nonbonding pair(s) around the central atom is _____.
0
1
2
3
Refer to the electronegativities of the given elements to answer the following questions.
K=0.8, Mg=1.2, H=2.1, I=2.5, Br=2.8, Cl=3.0, F=4.0
Which of the following statements is true?
A. H2, Br2, and HBr are nonpolar covalent molecules.
B. H2 is a nonpolar covalent molecule and HBr is a polar covalent molecule.
C. HBr is a nonpolar covalent compound and Br2 is a polar covalent molecule.
D. KBr is a nonpolar covalent compound and HBr is a polar covalent molecule.
(a)
Methane (CH4) is miscible with water (H2O) since both of them are nonpolar molecules.
True
False
Bond polarity is not the same as the overall molecular polarity. A molecule can have polar bonds and still be nonpolar overall.
True
False
How do you determine if a molecule is nonpolar?
Nonpolar bonds and lone pairs on the central atom are present, and they are arranged in such a way that they do not cancel each other.
None of the choices are correct.
No polar bonds or lone pairs on the central atom. And if there are polar bonds or lone pairs, they are arranged in such a way that their polarities cancel one another.
Polar bonds are present and they are arranged in such a way that the bond dipoles do not cancel.
Which of the following does not have an overall dipole moment?
A
B
C
D
In terms of the similarity of the overall polarity of the substances being mixed, the general principle “like dissolves like” holds. If water (H2O) does not dissolve naphthalene (C10H8), then which statement is true?
Water and naphthalene are both nonpolar.
Water is nonpolar and naphthalene is polar.
Water is polar and naphthalene is nonpolar.
Water and naphthalene are both polar.
Silicon dioxide (SiO2), also known as silica, is the major constituent of sand. Does this dissolve in water?
Yes, because polar dissolves with polar substance.
No, because nonpolar does not dissolve in polar solvent.
No, because nonpolar does not dissolve with nonpolar solvent.
Yes, because ionic dissolves in polar substance.
Electronegativity refers to the relative ability of a bonded atom to attract toward itself a shared electron pair. Where is this concept useful?
in predicting the polarity of a bond
in deciding how many electrons are involved in a bond
in determining the charge of a polyatomic ion
in formulating a statement of the octet rule
Which one refers to the three-dimensional arrangement of atoms or bonding groups around a central atom?
Lewis formula
Molecular polarity
Molecular formula
Molecular shape
Polar molecules are soluble in water, while nonpolar molecules are not.
True
False
Which one has higher vapor pressure?
Hydrogen Sulfide
Water
Which one has higher surface tension?
Methanol
Ethanol
Which is considered as the weakest type of intermolecular force?
Ion-ion
Dipole-dipole
Induced dipole-induced dipole
H-bonding
Vapor pressure rises as the strength of the intermolecular force decreases.
True
False
Intermolecular forces are relatively stronger than intramolecular forces.
True
False
What is the strongest intermolecular force present for Hydrochloric acid (HCl) and chlorine gas (Cl2)?
(a)
What is the strongest intermolecular force present for Formaldehyde (CH2O)?
(a)
What is the strongest intermolecular force present for Sulfur hexafluoride (SF6)?
(a)
It is the pressure of a substance exerted by its vapor state.
vapor pressure
melting point
viscosity
boiling point
surface tension
It refers to the temperature at which its vapor pressure equals the atmospheric pressure.
vapor pressure
melting point
viscosity
boiling point
surface tension
It refers to the resistance of a liquid to flow.
vapor pressure
melting point
viscosity
boiling point
surface tension
It refers to the temperature at which its solid and liquid phases coexist in equilibrium.
vapor pressure
melting point
viscosity
boiling point
surface tension
Attractive force in liquids that pulls surface molecules into the rest of the liquid, minimizing the surface area.
vapor pressure
melting point
viscosity
boiling point
surface tension
Arrange the following compounds in order of increasing boiling point, melting point, viscosity, and surface tension.
a) H2S
b) CH3CH2CH3
c) CH3CH2CH2OH
(a)
Which IMFA is present in all substances?
Induced dipole-induced dipole interaction
Dipole-dipole interaction
Dipole-induced dipole interaction
Ion-dipole interaction
For saline-filled (salt in water) implants, the predominant IMFA is ___________.
Induced dipole-induced dipole interaction
Dipole-dipole interaction
Dipole-induced dipole interaction
Ion-dipole interaction
In an aqueous solution, a chloride ion (Cl-) is attracted to which end of the water molecule?
The hydrogen end, which is the negative pole.
The hydrogen end, which is the positive pole.
The oxygen end, which is the negative pole.
The oxygen end, which is the positive pole.
A certain hard solid substance has a high melting point and is nonconducting unless melted. This substance is most likely ___________.
A. N2
B. H2O
C. Cu
D. NaCl
A
B
C
D
The boiling point of CH4 is much lower than that of HF. Which of the following explains this property?
There is a dipole-dipole interaction in CH4, and ion-dipole interaction in HF.
There is hydrogen bonding in HF, and none in CH4.
HF is more polar than CH4.
CH4 is polar, while HF is nonpolar.
