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A & P Fall 2025 Semester Test

Total questions: 113

Worksheet time: 1hrs 25mins

Name
Class
Date
1.

Physiology means

a)

The study of the form of all living things.

b)

The study of the body.

c)

The study of how living things work.

d)

None of the above.

2.

Anatomy means:

a)

the study of the form of all living things

b)

the study of the body

c)

the study of how living things work

d)

None of the above

3.

Identify the thoracic cavity

a)

1

b)

2

c)

3

d)

b

4.

A group of cells that have a common function are called

a)

cells

b)

molecules

c)

tissues

d)

organs

5.

The sum of all chemical reactions in the body is known as

a)

homeostasis

b)

heredity

c)

algebra

d)

metabolism

6.

Which of the following shows the body in anatomical position

a)
b)
c)
d)
7.

A drop in room temperature to 65F that causes the heater to turn on provides an example of a (an)

a)

Effector

b)

Control System (Set-Point)

c)

Stimulus

d)

None of the above

8.

Towards the head or above.

a)

Superior

b)

Proximal

c)

Inferior

d)

Medial

9.

The plane that passes horizontally dividing the body into superior and inferior parts:

a)

Sagittal (Medial)

b)

Transverse (Horizontal)

c)

Frontal (Coronal)

10.

Toward the middle/midline of the body:

a)

Medial

b)

Intermediate

c)

Lateral

d)

Ipilateral

11.

AWAY from the middle/midline of the body:

a)

Medial

b)

Lateral

c)

Contralateral

d)

Ipsilateral

12.

Body parts close to the point of reference or close to the origin:

a)

Proximal

b)

Ventral

c)

Distal

d)

Dorsal

13.

Farther into the body, away from the surface:

a)

Superficial

b)

Deep

c)

Inferior

d)

Superior

14.

Feedback that tends to cause the level of a variable to change in the same direction as an initial change.

a)

Negative feedback

b)

Homeostasis

c)

Positive feedback

d)

Physiology

15.

Net effect is that the output of the system shuts off the original stimulus or reduces its intensity.

a)

Negative feedback

b)

Homeostasis

c)

Positive feedback

d)

Physiology

16.

The ______ system's function is gas exchange. It brings oxygen in and exhales carbon dioxide with the lungs, trachea, and diaphragm

a)

endocrine

b)

excretory

c)

circulatory

d)

respiratory

17.
List the levels of organization in the human body in order from least complex to most complex…
a)
Tissues, cells, organ systems, organs, and organism
b)
Cells, tissues, organ systems, organs, and organism
c)
Cells, tissues, organs, organism, and organ systems
d)
Cells, tissues, organs, organ systems, and organism
18.

The elbow is __________ to the hand.

a)

Superior

b)

Distal

c)

Proximal

d)

Superficial

19.

Which of the following is NOT a type of muscle tissue?

a)

Cardiac

b)

Smooth

c)

Skeletal

d)

Epithelial

20.
Name the tissue
a)

Cardiac

b)
Smooth Muscle
c)
Transitional
d)

Skeletal

21.
Name the tissue
a)

Muscle

b)

Epithelia

c)

Nervous

d)

Connective

22.
Name the tissue
a)
Smooth Muscle
b)

Connectice

c)

Epithelial

d)
Pseudostratified
23.
Name the tissue
a)

Epithelial

b)
Smooth Muscle
c)

Connective

d)

Nervous

24.
This cellular structure helps organisms maintain homeostasis by controlling what substances may enter or leave cells.
a)
vacuole
b)
nucleus
c)
cell membrane
d)
cell wall
25.

What is the main chemical neurotransmiter that allows transmission of signal from neuronal to muscle cell?

a)

acetylcholine

b)

calcium

c)

ATP

26.

Cells within the nervous system that transmit information to other nerve cells, muscle, or gland cells

a)

Cartilage

b)

Pathogens

c)

Neuron

d)

Homeostasis

27.

Tissues that cover the ends of bones so they don't rub together

a)

Ligaments

b)

Cartilage

c)

Arteries

d)

Veins

28.

When the body maintains stable internal conditions

a)

Pathogens

b)

Saliva

c)

Neuron

d)

Homeostasis

29.
The outer layer of skin is called the...
a)
Hypodermis
b)
Dermis
c)
Epidermis
30.
The layer of skin that contains special structures like glands and nerves is the...
a)
Hypodermis
b)
Dermis
c)
Epidermis
31.
Sweating and shivering are your body's way of regulating _________.
a)
Water loss
b)
Temperature
c)
Hair growth
d)
Vitamin D absorption
32.

Which of the following is not a function of the skin?

a)

regulates body temperature

b)

stores water and fat

c)

prevents entry of bacteria

d)

supports body movement

33.

Which of the following are functions of the bones?

a)

Support and Protection

b)

Attachment to the muscles

c)

Stores inorganic salts

d)

All of the above

34.

What bone is highlighted?

a)

Skull (Cranium)

b)

Mandible

c)

Scapula

d)

Clavicle

35.

Name the following in order from largest to smallest:

a)

muscle, muscle fascicle, muscle cell, myofibril, filaments

b)

muscle, muscle fascicle, muscle cell, filaments, myofibril

c)

muscle, muscle cell, muscle fascicle, myofibril, filaments

d)

muscle, muscle cell, muscle fascicle, filaments, myofibril

36.

Muscle myofibrils

a)

hold muscle cells together.

b)

are found in the sarcolemma.

c)

contain myosin and actin myofilaments.

d)

extend from the sarcolemma to the T-tubule.

37.

Thin myofilaments are _______ myofilaments, and thick myofilaments are _________ myofilaments.

a)

tryptin; actin

b)

actin; myosin

c)

myofibril; globular

d)

myosin; sarcomere

38.

The muscle cell is also known as ___________________

a)

muscle fiber

b)

myofibril

c)

myofilament

d)

fascicle

39.

Strong band of tough tissue that attach muscle to bone

a)

Cartilage

b)

Ligaments

c)

Tendons

d)

Involuntary muscle

40.

What body system defends against infection?

a)

Endocrine

b)

Cardiovascular

c)

Nervous

d)

Lymphatic/Immune

41.

Located on opposite ends of the sarcomere.

a)

I band

b)

A band

c)

H-zone

d)

Z disc

42.

Specialized plasma membrane surrounding the muscle fiber.

a)

Myofibril

b)

Myofilament

c)

Sarcolemma

d)

Sarcomere

43.

Which label is the sarcolemma?

a)

A

b)

B

c)

C

d)

D

44.

Which label is the muscle fiber?

a)

A

b)

B

c)

C

d)

D

45.

Which label indicates the sarcomere?

a)

H

b)

I

c)

J

d)

K

46.

Which label indicates the filament composed of myosin?

a)

H

b)

I

c)

J

d)

K

47.

Is the muscle shown contracted or relaxed?

a)

Contracted

b)

Relaxed

48.

Is the muscle shown contracted or relaxed?

a)

Contracted

b)

Relaxed

49.
The long, main portion of a bone is the
a)
endosteum
b)
epiphysis
c)
diaphysis
d)
periosteum
50.

Homeostasis refers to:

a)

changing internal conditions

b)

stable external conditions

c)

stable internal conditions

d)

changing external conditions

e)

none of these is correct

51.

a)

Skeletal

b)

Smooth

c)

Cardiac

d)

Dense regular

52.

a)

Dense Regular

b)

Cardiac

c)

Skeletal

d)

Smooth

53.
The coloring in the skin; found in the epidermis.
a)
Melanin
b)
Oil
c)
Perspiration
d)
Pores
54.
The top layer of the skin is called the _________________.
a)
dermis
b)
oil gland
c)
nerve
d)
epidermis
55.
What cell produces a dark brown pigment?
a)
Keratinocytes
b)
Melanocytes
c)
Merkel (Tactile) Cells
d)
Langerhans (dendritic) cell
56.

When body anatomy and physiology fails to function normally, we use the term _________________________ .

a)

anatomy

b)

physiology

c)

disease

d)

pathology

57.

The study of disease is

a)

anatomy

b)

physiology

c)

disease

d)

pathology

58.

Epidemiology means

a)

the cause of disease

b)

the study of transmission of disease

c)

disease with an unknown cause

d)

disease that is spread from person to person or insect to person

59.

Endemic diseases are

a)

found in a small, local, specific population

b)

found in large regions of countries or continents

c)

found worldwide

d)

all of these

60.

Pandemic diseases are

a)

found in a small, local, specific population

b)

found in large regions of countries or continents

c)

found worldwide

d)

all of these

61.

Which of the following is a true statement about bacteria?

a)

Bacteria exist in only a few environments on earth

b)

Bacteria are typically larger than eukaryotic cells

c)

Most bacteria are harmful to humans

d)

Bacteria can be both harmful and helpful to humans

62.

What do viruses have in common with your body's cells?

a)

Their genetic material is surrounded by a nucleus

b)

They contain many complex organelles

c)

They contain DNA or RNA

d)

They are surrounded by capsids

63.

What does a virus do once it's inside one of your cells?

a)

It stays inside the cell for a while, and then leaves

b)

It eats up all of the machinery in the cell

c)

It uses the cell's machinery to make copies of itself

d)

It prevents the mitochondria from converting glucose to ATP

64.
Microorganisms or infectious agents that cause disease are called __________.
a)

pathogens

b)

capsids

c)

fungi

d)

microbes

65.

Antibiotics ________ treat viral infections.

a)

can

b)

cannot

66.

Which of the following hormones stimulates skeletal muscle fibers to take in glucose from the blood?

a)

glucagon

b)

insulin

c)

somatostatin

d)

secretin

67.

Caused by insulin deficiency or an abnormal response of target tissues to insulin

a)

cholelithiasis

b)

alpha 1 antitrypsin

c)

diabetes insipidus

d)

diabetes mellitus

68.

What pathology is a decrease in bone density that can cause kyphosis and/ or compression fractures?

a)

Osteoblast

b)

Osteomalacia

c)

Osteoporosis

d)

Osteogenic imperfecta

69.

The use of what modern technology has cause the rise in resistant bacteria

a)

vaccines

b)

antibiotics

c)

fertilizers

d)

solar panels

70.

One important way to control the spread of viruses in through

a)

the use of vaccines

b)

drinking a lot of tea

c)

the use of other types of bacteria

d)

the use of antibiotics

71.

Which is most often used to destroy bacteria?

a)

vaccine

b)

antibiotics

c)

vitamins

d)

water

72.

lateral curve of spine

a)
Herniated disc
b)
Lordosis
c)
Kyphosis
d)
Scoliosis
73.

Which structure is made by the human immune system to fight a pathogen?

a)

1--the antibody

b)

2--the antigen

c)

3--the pathogen

74.

Organ transplants will cause an immune response in the body because...

a)

red blood cells will be prevented from carrying oxygen.

b)

antibiotics will be produced that cause blood clotting.

c)

white blood cells will react to the foreign antigens on the organ.

d)

the organ prevents antibodies from being made.

75.

What is the role of the immune system?

a)

To pump blood throughout the body

b)

To protect the body from disease-causing agents

c)

To contain disease-causing organisms to a single area of the body

d)

To give Mr. Elwonger something to test us over

76.

What are the two groups of the immune system?

a)

Acquired and Innate

b)

Acquired and Learned

c)

External and internal

d)

Complex and simple

77.

The innate immune system is...

a)

Always working and doesn't require any special preparation

b)

Needs to be "primed" before it can work to its full effectiveness

c)

Very specific and only defends against a specific pathogen

d)

Not very effective at preventing intruders

78.

Which of these is an example of innate immunity? (TWO correct answers, pick both)

a)

Skin

b)

Antibodies

c)

T-Cells

d)

Mucus

79.

Vaccinations work by...

a)

Strengthening the immune system by chemically changing B-cells

b)

Tricking the body into thinking the needle is a pathogen

c)

Injecting dead or weakened bacteria or viruses (or proteins from them) into the bloodstream to trigger the production of antibodies

d)

Vaccines don't work and are just the government's way of injecting microchips into the population so they can keep track of us.

80.

Homeostasis:

a)

allows for a wildly fluctuating internal environment

b)

is the maintenance of a relatively stable internal environment and often incorporates a form of feedback regulation

c)

is the maintenance of a relatively stable external environment and does not incorporate a form of feedback regulation

d)

when you stay at home

81.

When you get cut, your skin cells release hormones that signal platelets to come and stop the bleeding. Platelets then release more hormones that signal even more platelets to help stop bleeding. The hormone signals continue until the cut is closed. This is an example of what type of feedback?

a)

Negative Feedback

b)

Positive Feedback

82.

When glucose levels in the blood rise, your brain sends a signal to your pancreas. The pancreas releases insulin, which opens channels in cell membranes to allow glucose to enter the cell, lowering blood sugar levels. This is an example of a:

a)

Negative Feedback Loop

b)

Positive Feedback Loop

83.
Humans have ___ for body temperature, blood glucose concentrations, electrolyte concentrations, pH levels, tendon tension and variables.
a)
positive feedback mechanisms
b)
set points
c)
a wide internal range
d)
no regulation
84.

Detects change and sends a message to the control center

a)

receptor

b)

control center

c)

effector

d)

regulation

85.

Identify bone number 1.

a)

clavicle

b)

cranium

c)

femur

d)

mandible

86.

Identify bone number 2.

a)

clavicle

b)

cranium

c)

sternum

d)

patella

87.

Identify bone number 4.

a)

patella

b)

clavicle

c)

sternum

d)

scapula

88.

Identify bone number 6.

a)

clavicle

b)

radius

c)

humerus

d)

ulna

89.

Identify bone number 7.

a)

carpal

b)

scapula

c)

ribs

d)

sternum

90.

Identify bone number 8.

a)

ulna

b)

radius

c)

humerus

d)

carpal

91.

Identify bone number 9.

a)

thoracic vertebrae

b)

lumbar vertebrae

c)

pelvis

d)

femur

92.

Identify bone number 11.

a)

phalanges

b)

carpals

c)

tarsals

d)

metacarpals

93.

Identify bone number 14.

a)

phalanges

b)

carpals

c)

radius

d)

ischium

94.

Identify bone number 15.

a)

humerus

b)

femur

c)

tibia

d)

fibula

95.

Identify bone number 16.

a)

phalanges

b)

tibia

c)

patella

d)

fibia

96.

Identify bone number 17.

a)

tibia

b)

fibula

c)

femur

d)

fibia

97.

Which bone?

a)

Talus

b)

Calcaneous

c)

Lateral cuneiform

d)

None of the above

98.

The energy needed to perform a muscle contraction comes directly from

a)

ATP

b)

Oxygen

c)

Glucose

d)

Calcium

99.

The neurotransmitter stored in the axon terminal identified as #3

a)

Calcium Ion (Ca2+)

b)

Protein Channel

c)

Acetylcholine (Ach)

d)

Synaptic Cleft

100.
What is a crossbridge?
a)
Where myosin binds to actin
b)
Where the calcium crosses into the cytoplasm
c)
Where calcium binds with troponin
d)
None of the answers are correct.
101.
Myasthenia Gravis is...?
a)
A rare condition caused by the toxins of the Clostridium botulinum bacteria
b)
A crippling, and potentially deadly, infectious disease caused by the poliovirus.
c)
An autoimmune disorder that causes weakness of the voluntary muscles.
d)
A bacterial disease that affects the muscles and nerves.
102.
This disease is a genetic X-linked disorder that results in the absence of the dystrophin protein.  Affected males have progressive muscle atrophy and significantly decreased lifespans.
a)
Trichinosis
b)
Fibromyalgia
c)
Duchenne Muscular Dystropy
103.
Botulism is...?
a)
A rare condition caused by the toxins of the Clostridium botulinum bacteria
b)
A crippling, and potentially deadly, infectious disease caused by the poliovirus.
c)
An autoimmune disorder that causes weakness of the voluntary muscles.
d)
A bacterial disease that affects the muscles and nerves.
104.

When a muscle undergoes atrophy in response to disuse,

a)

The number of mitochondria decrease

b)

There is reduction in capillary networks

c)

The size of actin and myosin fibers decrease

d)

All of the above

105.

Muscle pairs that oppose each other's movement

a)

antagonistic muscles

b)

opposable muscles

c)

opposite muscles

d)

rivals

106.

Louis Pasteur is credited with which of the following?

a)

Applying the germ theory to medical practices such as surgery

b)

Discovering the antibiotic properties of penicillin

c)

Discovering the process of fermentation

d)

Creating steps to link a specific bacteria to specific disease

107.
Surgeons and doctors didn’t know the importance of hygiene, so Pasteur proposed washing hands to .... rid of germs and prevent disease.
a)
take
b)
put
c)
go
d)
get
108.

A long distance runner would increase the quantity of which muscle fiber type?

a)
slow-twitch
b)
non-twitch
c)
intermediate-twitch
d)
fast-twitch
109.

Which of the following uses less force and does not get tired easily? These are used for aerobic activities.

a)

Slow Twitch Muscle Fibers

b)

Fast Twitch Muscle Fibers

110.

Which of the following uses more force and does get tired easily? These are used for anaerobic activities.

a)

Slow Twitch Muscle Fibers

b)

Fast Twitch Muscle Fibers

111.

What is the extensor in a bicep curl?

a)

biceps brachii

b)

triceps brachii

c)

deltoid

d)

flexor carpi ulnaris

112.

Which muscle of the pair is usually stronger?

a)

flexor

b)

extensor

c)

neither, they are equal

113.

A student's lab results are shown. Which of the following is NOT a reason that muscles fatigue over time?

a)

ATP energy source is depleted

b)

oxygen levels become depleted

c)

lactic acid buildup causes soreness

d)

muscle fibers switch from fast-twitch to slow-twitch

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