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WorksheetsUnit 2 AP Biology Review
Total questions: 115
Worksheet time: 1hrs 10mins
Describe the difference between rough ER and smooth ER.
Rough ER compartmentalizes cell; Smooth ER functions in detox and lipid synthesis
Rough ER functions in ribosome synthesis; Smooth ER functions in lipid synthesis
Rough ER functions in detox and lipid synthesis; Smooth ER compartmentalizes cell
Rough ER functions in lipid synthesis; Smooth ER functions in ribosome synthesis
Which organelle is a membrane-bound structure that functions in correct folding/chemical modification of proteins?
Golgi complex
Lysosome
Mitochondria
Chloroplast
Which is membrane-enclosed sacs that contain hydrolytic enzymes?
Golgi complex
Lysosome
Mitochondria
Chloroplast
Which is responsible for storage and release of macromolecules and cellular waster products. In plants, aids in turgor.
Endoplasmic Reticulum
Lysosome
Mitochondria
Vacuoles
Which of the following is the location for the light-dependent reactions?
grana/thylakoid membrane
matrix
stroma
cristae
Which of the following is the location for the Krebs cycle?
grana/thylakoid membrane
matrix
stroma
cristae
Which of the following is the location for the ATP synthesis in cellular respiration?
grana/thylakoid membrane
matrix
stroma
cristae
Which of the following is the location for the ATP synthesis in photosynthesis?
grana/thylakoid membrane
matrix
stroma
cristae
Describe the relationship between cell size and SA:V ratios.
As cells increase in size, the SA:V ratio increases
As cells decrease in size, the SA:V ratio decreases
As cells increase in size, the SA:V ratio decreases
Cell size has no effect on the SA:V ratio
Describe the characteristics of a membrane-bound protein.
Entire protein is hydrophilic
Entire protein is hydrophobic
Hydrophilic R group exterior cell & hydrophobic R group interior membrane
Hydrophilic R group interior membrane & hydrophobic R group interior cell
Identify which of the following will easily pass through the membrane.
Water
Protein Hormone
Steroid Hormone
Charged Ion
Identify which of the following will bind to a membrane protein (and will not enter the cell).
Water
Protein Hormone
Steroid Hormone
Charged Ion
Which of the following requires an input of energy for membrane transport?
Charged ion moving against concentration gradient
Water moving into a hypertonic cell
Charged ion moving with concentration gradient
Water moving out of a hypotonic cell
What is the difference between endocytosis and exocytosis?
Endocytosis involves cytoplasm of a neighboring cell entering
Endocytosis involves phagocytosis or pinocytosis to bring materials in cell
Exocytosis involves cytoplasm of a neighboring cell exiting
Exocytosis involves phagocytosis or pinocytosis to remove material from cell
Which of the following correctly describe the movement of water?
Cell with 0.5M concentration will gain water from the 1.0M exterior solution
Cell with 0.5M concentration will gain water from the 0.5M exterior solution
Cell with 1.0M concentration will gain water from the 0.5M exterior solution
Cell with 0.5M concentration will lose water to the 0.5M exterior solution
Why is a eukaryotic cell able to be larger than a prokaryotic cell?
Membrane-bound organelles compartmentalize intracellular processes
Prokaryotic cells have a nucleus which decreases the volume of the cell
Eukaryotic cells have a nucleus which decreases the volume of the cell
Absence of membrane-bound organelles allows for enzymatic reactions.
A researcher designs an experiment to investigate the effect of environmental temperature on the function of an enzyme. For each trial included in the experiment, the researcher will add the enzyme and its substrate to an aqueous buffer solution and then measure the amount of product formed over 20 minutes. Which of the following must remain the same for all trials of this experiment?
The initial concentration of the substrate
The final concentration of the product
The three-dimensional structure of the enzyme
The temperature of the aqueous buffer solution
The most likely explanation for the results shown in this graph is that...
pH affects the shape of the active site of the enzyme
pH affects the temperature of the reaction
the enzyme has a quaternary structure
the enzyme has disulfide bonds
pH affects the primary structure of the enzyme
Which of the following questions can best be answered by the diagram?
Does the addition of an enzyme reduce the activation energy required for a reaction?
Does the addition of an enzyme result in the formation of covalent bonds?
Does the addition of an enzyme produce a greater amount of products?
Does the addition of an enzyme change the pathway for the reaction?
Which of the following can be used to determine the rate of enzyme-catalyzed reactions?
Rate of disappearance of the substrate
Rate of disappearance of the product
Change in volume of the solution
Increase in activation energy
Rate of disappearance of the enzyme
According to the chemiosmotic theory (chemiosmotic coupling), the energy required to move protons from the mitochondrial matrix to the intermembrane space against a concentration gradient comes most directly from...
photons of red or blue light
the hydrolysis of ATP
the breakdown of high-energy fatty acids in the mitochondrial matrix
electrons flowing along the electron transport chain
substrate-level phosphorylation
What process explains how the red molecules left the dialysis bag?
Osmosis
Diffusion
Facilitated diffusion
Active transport
In hypotonic environments, paramecium utilize a pump vacuole to maintain homeostasis. Why is this vacuole necessary?
The vacuole sucks in water lost to the environment
The vacuole pumps out excess water coming into the cell.
The vacuole pumps in salt to offset the hypotonic conditions
The vacuole pumps out excess salt diffusing into the organism
If an individual had a mutation where they had excess aquaporins in their kidney cells, what would happen to this person?
They would have difficulty producing proper volumes of urine.
They would produce too much dilute urine.
They would become dehydrated more easily.
Their blood pressure would decrease.
Which of these is not evidence used to support the endosymbiont theory for mitochondria and chloroplasts?
The organelles contain free ribosomes and circular DNA
The organelles produce their own energy.
The organelles have a double membrane
The organelles grow and reproduce somewhat independently
If a cell loses water to its environment, what is true about the environment?
It is hypotonic to the cell
It is hypertonic to the cell
It has a greater water potential than the cell
It has a lower solute concentration than the cell
What is the role of lysosomes in phagocytosis?
They form the vesicles needed for bulk transport
The form the phospholipids needed to form the vesicles
They digest the particles brought in by the vesicles
They produce the proteins needed to form a vesicle
Eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells have which feature in common?
A nucleus
Mitochondria
A plasma membrane
Endoplasmic reticulum
If water is flowing into and out of an animal cell at equal rates, what type of environment is the cell in?
Hypertonic
Hypotonic
Isotonic
No enough information
If a person had a mutation that changed the shape of channel proteins, how would this affect cell transport?
Nonpolar substances would no longer cross the cell membrane.
Large polar substances would no longer be able to cross the cell membrane.
The rate of diffusion for polar substances would increase
The rate of bulk transport would decrease.
Why are aquaporins necessary for osmosis?
Water is nonpolar and is repelled by the cell membrane
Water is polar and is repelled by the cell membrane
The hydrophilic lipid tails of the membrane repel water.
Aquaporins are not involved in osmosis
Many classes of antibiotics function by increasing membrane permeability in bacteria. What effect would this have on the bacterium?
The cell would have difficulty maintaining homeostasis
The cell would grow too large to function efficiently
The cell would have an increased rate of ATP production
The cell is now more susceptible to phagocytic white blood cells.
Which type of transport would be most directly affected by a mutation in mitochondria?
Simple diffusion
Osmosis
Active transport
Facilitated diffusion
Which of these cells is in a hypotonic environment?
Cell 1
Cell 2
Cell 3
Which of these organelles is directly involved in the production of membrane proteins?
Mitochondria
Smooth ER
Lysosomes
Golgi apparatus
Small nonpolar molecules cross the cell membrane through the process of -
Facilitated diffusion
Simple diffusion
Osmosis
Exocytosis
What type of transport is pictured here?
Simple diffusion
Facilitated diffusion
Active transport
Endocytosis
The phosphate heads of the lipid bilayer are _________________ and the lipid tails are ____________________
nonpolar , polar
Hydrophobic , hydrophilic
Hydrophilic , hydrophobic
Phospholipids spontaneously assemble into a bilayer in an aqueous environment because -
The phosphate heads are repelled by water
The phosphate heads form covalent bonds with water
The lipid tails are attracted to water
The lipid tails are repelled by water
Proteins that need to be exported out of the cell will be synthesized at -
Free ribosomes
The nucleus
Mitochondria
The rough ER
Cells need to maintain a ____________ surface area to volume ratio to efficiently perform cell transport.
high
low
constant
Moving a solute up its concentration gradient requires -
ATP
the solvent to be water soluble
phagocytosis
transport vesicles
Why do integral proteins have mainly nonpolar amino acids in their structure?
So that they can allow water to pass through
So they can anchor themselves and span the hydrophobic core of cell membrane
So that they are not repelled by the phosphate heads
To form active sites for ATP hydrolysis
Why is the double membrane of mitochondria and chloroplast important for their functions?
It provides an extra layer of protection from their environment
It allows for easier synthesis of proteins
It allows the organelles to reproduce on their own
It increases the surface area available to perform their processes
Assuming these cubes are cells, which one would be the most efficient at performing cell transport and maintaining homeostasis?
1-mm cube
2-mm cube
4-mm cube
They would all have the same efficiency
Which of the following cells contain the highest water potential?
A
B
C
D
The _____ is a densely packed area in a cell that contains the genetic material - DNA - for controlling the cell's activities.
Chloroplast
Nucleus
Mitochondria
Vacuole
These organelles are used for storage. Plants have one that is very large and filled with water.
Cell Wall
Chloroplast
Nucleus
Vacuole
____________________allow cells to recognize each other and act like ID tags.
Cholesterol
Phospholipids
Carbohydrates
Proteins
_____________have 2 functions in the cell membrane.
1.) They act like gatekeepers, only let certain things in.
2.) Enzyme receptors embedded in the membrane.
Proteins
Carbohydrates
Nucleic Acids
Phospholipids
Food is moved into the cell by ________________________.
Pinocytosis
Exocytosis
Osmosis
Endocytosis
Your gums are swollen. How will rinsing with warm salt water help the swelling?
swollen gums will absorb the salt
salt goes against the concentration gradient
salt lowers the temp
water in the gums will diffuse out of the cells
As a cell gets bigger the SA: V ratio
increases
decreases
Water always moves to a ________ water potential
more positive
more negative
right
left
All of the following are part of a prokaryotic cell except
DNA
a cell wall.
a plasma membrane.
ribosomes.
an endoplasmic reticulum.
The volume enclosed by the plasma membrane of plant cells is often much larger than the corresponding volume in animal cells. The most reasonable explanation for this observation is that
plant cells are capable of having a much higher surface-to-volume ratio than animal cells.
plant cells have a much more highly convoluted (folded) plasma membrane than animal cells.
plant cells contain a large vacuole that reduces the volume of the cytoplasm.
Under which of the following conditions would you expect to find a cell with a predominance of free ribosomes?
a cell that is secreting proteins
a cell that is producing cytoplasmic enzymes
a cell that is constructing its cell wall or extracellular matrix
a cell that is digesting food particles
Tay-Sachs disease is a human genetic abnormality that results in cells accumulating and becoming clogged with very large and complex lipids. Which cellular organelle must be involved in this condition?
the endoplasmic reticulum
the Golgi apparatus
the lysosome
membrane-bound ribosomes
The liver is involved in detoxification of many poisons and drugs. Which of the following structures is primarily involved in this process and therefore abundant in liver cells?
rough ER
smooth ER
Golgi apparatus
nuclear envelope
A cell has the following molecules and structures: enzymes, DNA, ribosomes, plasma membrane, and mitochondria. It could be a cell from
a bacterium.
an animal, but not a plant.
a plant, but not an animal.
a plant or an animal.
Why isnʹt the mitochondrion classified as part of the endomembrane system?
It only has two membrane layers.
Its structure is not derived from the ER.
It is not involved in protein synthesis.
Motor proteins provide for molecular motion in cells by interacting with what types of cellular structures?
sites of energy production in cellular respiration
membrane proteins
ribosomes
cytoskeletons
The cell walls of bacteria, fungi, and plant cells and the extracellular matrix of animal cells are all external to the plasma membrane. Which of the following is a characteristic of all of these extracellular structures?
They must block water and small molecules in order to regulate the exchange of matter and energy with their environment.
They must permit information transfer between the cellʹs cytoplasm and the nucleus.
They are constructed of materials that are largely synthesized in the cytoplasm and then transported out of the cell.
Plasmodesmata in plant cells are most similar in function to which of the following structures in animal cells?
peroxisomes
desmosomes
gap junctions
Ions can travel directly from the cytoplasm of one animal cell to the cytoplasm of an adjacent cell through
plasmodesmata.
tight junctions.
gap junctions.
According to the fluid mosaic model of cell membranes, which of the following is a true statement about membrane phospholipids?
They can move laterally along the plane of the membrane.
They frequently flip-flop from one side of the membrane to the other.
They occur in an uninterrupted bilayer, with membrane proteins restricted to the surface of the membrane.
Which of the following is one of the ways that the membranes of winter wheat are able to remain fluid when it is extremely cold?
by increasing the percentage of unsaturated phospholipids in the membrane
by increasing the percentage of cholesterol molecules in the membrane
by decreasing the number of hydrophobic proteins in the membrane
Which of the following is a reasonable explanation for why unsaturated fatty acids help keep any membrane more fluid at lower temperatures?
The double bonds form kinks in the fatty acid tails, forcing adjacent lipids to be further apart.
Unsaturated fatty acids have a higher cholesterol content and therefore more cholesterol in membranes.
Unsaturated fatty acids permit more water in the interior of the membrane.
Of the following functions, which is most important for the glycoproteins and glycolipids of animal cell membranes?
facilitated diffusion of molecules down their concentration gradients
active transport of molecules against their concentration gradients
maintaining the integrity of a fluid mosaic membrane
maintaining membrane fluidity at low temperatures
a cellʹs ability to distinguish one type of neighboring cell from another
Which of the following is true of the evolution of cell membranes?
Cell membranes have stopped evolving now that they are fluid mosaics.
Cell membranes cannot evolve if proteins do not
As populations of organisms evolve, different properties of their cell membranes are selected for or against.
An individual organism selects its preferred type of cell membrane for particular functions.
Cystic fibrosis is a genetic disease in humans in which chloride ion channels in cell membranes are missing or nonfunctional. Which of the following would you expect to be a problem for someone with nonfunctional chloride channeling?
inadequate secretion of mucus
buildup of excessive secretions in organs such as lungs
sweat that includes no NaCl
mental disability due to low salt levels in brain tissue
Cystic fibrosis is a genetic disease in humans in which chloride ion channels in cell membranes are missing or nonfunctional. If a young male child has cystic fibrosis, which of the following would affect his fertility?
inability to make sperm
incomplete maturation of the testes
failure to form genital structures appropriately
incorrect concentrations of ions in semen
A patient has had a serious accident and lost a lot of blood. In an attempt to replenish body fluids, distilled water, equal to the volume of blood lost, is transferred directly into one of his veins. What will be the most probable result of this transfusion?
It will have no unfavorable effect as long as the water is free of viruses and bacteria.
The patientʹs red blood cells will shrivel up because the blood fluid is hypotonic compared to the cells.
The patientʹs red blood cells will swell because the blood fluid is hypotonic compared to the cells.
Celery stalks that are immersed in fresh water for several hours become stiff and hard.
Similar stalks left in a salt solution become limp and soft. From this we can deduce that the cells of the celery stalks are
hypotonic to both fresh water and the salt solution.
hypertonic to both fresh water and the salt solution.
hypertonic to fresh water but hypotonic to the salt solution.
A cell whose cytoplasm has a concentration of 0.02 molar glucose is placed in a test tube of water containing 0.02 molar glucose. Assuming that glucose is not actively transported into the cell, which of the following terms describes the tonicity of the external solution relative to the cytoplasm of the cell?
turgid
hypertonic
hypotonic
flaccid
isotonic
Which of the following statements correctly describes the normal tonicity conditions for typical plant and animal cells?
The animal cell is in a hypotonic solution, and the plant cell is in an isotonic solution
The animal cell is in a hypertonic solution, and the plant cell is in an isotonic solution.
The animal cell is in an isotonic solution, and the plant cell is in a hypotonic solution.
You are working on a team that is designing a new drug. In order for this drug to work, it must enter the cytoplasm of specific target cells. Which of the following would be a factor that determines whether the molecule enters the cell?
blood or tissue type of the patient
non-polarity of the drug molecule
lack of charge on the drug molecule
similarity of the drug molecule to other molecules transported by the target cells
In which of the following would there be the greatest need for osmoregulation?
an animal connective tissue cell bathed in isotonic body fluid
a terrestrial animal such as a snake
a red blood cell surrounded by plasma
a lymphocyte before it has been taken back into lymph fluid
When a plant cell, such as one from a peony stem, is submerged in a very hypotonic solution, what is likely to occur?
the cell will burst
the cell membrane will lyse
plasmolysis will shrink the interior
the cell will become turgid
Which of the following membrane activities require energy from ATP hydrolysis?
facilitated diffusion.
movement of water into a cell
Na+ ions moving out of the cell
Glucose diffuses slowly through artificial phospholipid bilayers. The cells lining the small intestine, however, rapidly move large quantities of glucose from the glucose-rich food into their glucose-poor cytoplasm. Using this information, which transport mechanism is most probably functioning in the intestinal cells?
simple diffusion
facilitated diffusion
active transport pumps
exocytosis
What is the voltage across a membrane called?
water potential
chemical gradient
membrane potential
electrochemical gradient
If a membrane protein in an animal cell is involved in the cotransport of glucose and sodium ions into the cell, which of the following is most likely true?
The sodium ions are moving down their electrochemical gradient while glucose is moving up.
A substance that blocked sodium ions from binding to the cotransport protein would also block the transport of glucose.
Potassium ions move across the same gradient as sodium ions.
Ions diffuse across membranes down their
chemical gradients.
concentration gradients.
electrical gradients.
electrochemical gradients.
The sodium-potassium pump in animal cells requires cytoplasmic ATP to pump ions across the plasma membrane. When the proteins of the pump are first synthesized in the rough ER, what side of the ER membrane will the ATP binding site be on?
It will be on the cytoplasmic side of the ER.
It will be on the side facing the interior of the ER.
It could be facing in either direction because the orientation of proteins is scrambled in the Golgi apparatus.
It doesnʹt matter, because the pump is not active in the ER.
Proton pumps are used in various ways by members of every kingdom of organisms. What does this most probably mean?
Proton pumps must have evolved before any living organisms were present on the earth.
Proton pumps are fundamental to all cell types.
The high concentration of protons in the ancient atmosphere must have necessitated a pump mechanism
Cells with proton pumps were maintained in each Kingdom by natural selection.
Living organisms increase in complexity as they grow, resulting in a decrease in the entropy of an organism. How does this relate to the second law of thermodynamics?
Living organisms do not obey the second law of thermodynamics, which states that entropy must increase with time.
Life obeys the second law of thermodynamics because the decrease in entropy as the organism grows is balanced by an increase in the entropy of the universe.
As a consequence of growing, organisms create more disorder in their environment than the decrease in entropy associated with their growth.
Whenever energy is transformed, there is always an increase in the
free energy of the system.
free energy of the universe
entropy of the system
entropy of the universe.
Which of the following statements is a logical consequence of the second law of thermodynamics?
If the entropy of a system increases, there must be a corresponding decrease in the entropy of the universe.
If there is an increase in the energy of a system, there must be a corresponding decrease in the energy of the rest of the universe.
Every energy transfer requires activation energy from the environment.
Every chemical reaction must increase the total entropy of the universe.
Which of the following statements is representative of the second law of thermodynamics?
Conversion of energy from one form to another is always accompanied by some gain of free energy.
Heat represents a form of energy that can be used by most organisms to do work.
Without an input of energy, organisms would tend toward decreasing entropy.
Cells require a constant input of energy to maintain their high level of organization.
Which of the following is most similar in structure to ATP?
an anabolic steroid
a DNA helix
an RNA nucleotide
an amino acid with three phosphate groups attached
When ATP releases some energy, it also releases inorganic phosphate. What purpose does this serve (if any) in the cell?
It is released as an excretory waste.
It can only be used to regenerate more ATP.
It can be added to other molecules in order to activate them
How can one increase the rate of a chemical reaction?
Increase the activation energy needed.
Cool the reactants.
Decrease the concentration of the reactants
Add a catalyst.
Sucrose is a disaccharide, composed of the monosaccharides glucose and fructose. The hydrolysis of sucrose by the enzyme sucrase results in
bringing glucose and fructose together to form sucrose.
the release of water from sucrose as the bond between glucose and fructose is broken.
breaking the bond between glucose and fructose and forming new bonds from the atoms of water.
A solution of starch at room temperature does not readily decompose to form a solution of simple sugars because
the starch solution has less free energy than the sugar solution.
the hydrolysis of starch to sugar is endergonic
the activation energy barrier for this reaction cannot be surmounted.
According to the induced fit hypothesis of enzyme catalysis, which of the following is correct?
The binding of the substrate depends on the shape of the active site
The binding of the substrate changes the shape of the enzymeʹs active site.
Some enzymes change their structure when activators bind to the enzyme
Which of the following is true of enzymes?
Enzymes may require a nonprotein cofactor or ion for catalysis to take speed up more appreciably than if the enzymes act alone.
Enzyme function is increased if the three-dimensional structure or conformation of an enzyme is altered.
Enzyme function is independent of physical and chemical environmental factors such as pH and temperature.
Enzymes increase the rate of chemical reaction by lowering activation energy
Zinc, an essential trace element for most organisms, is present in the active site of the enzyme carboxypeptidase. The zinc most likely functions as a(n)
competitive inhibitor of the enzyme
noncompetitive inhibitor of the enzyme.
cofactor necessary for enzyme activity.
In order to attach a particular amino acid to the tRNA molecule that will transport it, an enzyme, an aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase, is required, along with ATP. Initially, the enzyme has an active site for ATP and another for the amino acid, but it is not able to attach the tRNA. What must occur in order for the final attachment to occur?
The ATP must first have to attach to the tRNA.
The binding of the first two molecules must cause a 3-dimensional change that opens another active site on the enzyme.
The hydrolysis of the ATP must be needed to allow the amino acid to bind to the synthetase.
When you have a severe fever, what may be a grave consequence if this is not controlled?
destruction of your enzymesʹ primary structure
removal of amine groups from your proteins
change in the folding of enzymes
removal of the amino acids in active sites
