Name one example of Brucella species which commonly cause disease in human!

(a)  

Beside the increase of localized inflammation with the recruitment of T cells and natural killer (NK) cells into the area of the infected macrophages, what does TNF-α do in a Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection?

(a)  

In Neisseria gonorrhoeae, besides mediating the attachment to noncilliated human cell, what is the function of Pilin?

(a)  

What is the function of transferrin in N.gonorrhoeae?

(a)  

Which antibiotics can be used initially for N.meningitidis infection?

(a)  

Name one example of nontreponemal serology test!

(a)  

Name one example of treponemal serology test!

(a)  

What conditions which can cause false positive in nontreponemal test?

(a)  

What are the laboratory criteria for diagnosis of Lyme disease?

(a)  

In S.aureus, what is the possible resistance mechanism against Fluoroquinolone antibiotic?

(a)  

Name the example of efflux pump of the outer membrane in P.aeruginosa, which able to remove a heterogeneous group of molecules including antimicrobials from its intracellular space!

(a)  

Porin changes in Acinetobacter spp are associated with resistance to what group of antibiotic?

(a)  

Methicillin resistance in S. aureus (MRSA) is due to the expression of PBP2a. This low-affinity PBP is encoded by the what gene?

(a)  

According to Ambler Class, the Carbapenemase in Gram negative bacilli such as K.pneumoniae belongs to which class?

(a)  

What is/are the molecule produced after a glycolysis reaction of a mole of glucose?

(a)  

Continuous septicemia occurs primarily in…

(a)  

In pathogenesis of pulmonary tuberculosis, alveolar macrophages, epithelioid cells, and Langhans giant cells (fused epithelioid cells) with intracellular mycobacteria form the central core of a necrotic mass that is surrounded by a dense wall of macrophages and CD4, CD8, and NK T cells. What is this structure called and what does its function?

(a)  

Resistance to ampicillin among E. coli and K.pneumoniae is mediated by?

(a)  

This picture shows the satellite phenomenon of the H.influenzae colonies among the S.aureus colonies. What do the S.aureus provide for the growth of H.influenzae?

(a)  

C.difficile produces two toxins. Name one of them!

(a)  

What does the toxin A of C.difficile act?

(a)  

What does toxin B of C.difficile act?

(a)  

What does Alpha toxin A of C.perfringens act?

(a)  

What is Beta toxin of C.perfringens responsible for?

(a)  

The characteristic face of tetanus patient that is resulted from the sustained contraction of the facial muscles is known as?

(a)  

Specific cultivation media for the growth of Salmonella sp and Shigella is?

(a)  

Cross-linking of peptidoglycan chain is mediated by which enzyme?

(a)  

Fill in the blank!

High concentrations of (a)   in the spore bind calcium and stabilize the contents

Listeria monocytogenes exhibits (a)   feature when grown on sheep blood agar plates.

Listeria monocytogenes is able to adhere to host cell via the interaction of (a)   with glycoprotein receptors on the host cell surface.

The genes in L.monocytogenes which responsible for membrane lysis, intracellular replication, and directional movement are clustered together and regulated by a single gene, namely:

(a)  

The gold standar for detection of diphtheria toxin is:

(a)  

What is the causative agent of cat-scratch disease?

(a)  

What is the vector for the causative agent of Rocky Mountain spotted fever?

(a)