WorksheetsIB Biology Topic 6 & 11 (Anatomy & Animal Physiology)
Total questions: 134
Worksheet time: 1hrs 6mins
What happens to starch in the small intestine?
Endopeptidase, secreted by the liver digests starch to enable absorption by the villi
Contraction of the intestinal muscles mixes starch with enzymes to accelerate its conversion into amylose
Glycogen secreted by the pancreas hydrolyses starch into glucose, which is eventually transported to the liver
Amylase secreted by the pancreas digests starch to enable absorption by the villi
The picture shows the layers of tissues in a transverse section of the human small intestine. Which layer is labelled with the letter X?
Mucosa
Circular muscle
Epithelium
Longitudinal muscle
Which discovery was an indication that the heart pumps blood to the body through the arteries?
The amount of blood pumped exceeds that of blood produced
Blood could easily be pushed up a limb vein, but not down
The observation that there were pores between the left and right atria
The heart swelled up when arteries were tied in an animal experiment
Which row shows a valid comparison of arteries and veins?
A
C
B
D
The diagram shows the pressure changes during a cardiac cycle. Which is an explanation of what is happening?
During phase I, pressure in the left ventricle decreases while it increases in the aorta during contraction of the left atrium
In phase II , pressure rises in the aorta because the left ventricle is contracting
In phase III, pressure decreases in the aorta because the left atrium is relaxing
In phase III, there is a constant increase of pressure in the aorta as both the left atrium and ventricle are at rest
Which statement is true for the antibiotic penicillin
Watson and Crick developed the usage of penicillin
pinicillin blocks pathways unique to eukaryotic cells
Viruses lack metabolism and penicillin has no effect on them
Florey and Chain sequenced the genome of Penicilium notatum
How can knowledge of the pinneal gland function be applied
To restore sleep by the use of melatonin
To trigger ovulation during an IVF treatment
To reduce sperm production in male contraception
To regulate blood sugar in type I dibetes
What is the position of the heart valves when blood pressure is highest in the aorta?
Atrioventricular valves: open. Semilunar valves: closed.
Atrioventricular valves: closed. Semilunar valves: open.
Atrioventricular valves: closed. Semilunar valves: closed.
Atrioventricular valves: open. Semilunar valves: open.
What is the purpose of pulmonary surfactant?
Promotes capillary growth
Decreases surface tension
Adheres alvioli and capillaries
Stretches the inside surface of the alveoli
A
B
C
D
Which hormone controls circadian rhythms?
Thyroxine
Melatonin
Leptin
Glucagon
Which is a negative feedback mechanism in the menstrual cycle
Follicle stimulating hormone inhibits oestrogen
Oestrogen inhibits lutenizing hormone
Oestrogen inhibits follicle stimulating hormone
Progesterone inhibits oestrogen
The diagram shows part of the membrane of a neurone. What stage of the action potential does it depict?
Depolarization
Repolarization
Resting potential
Hyperpolarization
Which process is occurring in the small intestine?
A
B
C
D
Neurotransmitters are released into the synaptic cleft from the presynaptic neuron and travel to a receptor on the post synaptic neuron membrane. Which processes are required for this to happen?
Release into synaptic cleft: exocytosis. Travel to post synaptic neuron membrane: diffusion
Release into synaptic cleft: active transport. Travel to post synaptic neuron membrane: diffusion
Release into synaptic cleft: exocytosis. Travel to post synaptic neuron membrane: active transport
Release into synaptic cleft: active transport. Travel to post synaptic neuron membrane: active transport
In which blood vessels connected to the heart does the blood have the lowest carbon dioxide concentration?
Pulmonary vein
Vena cava
Pulmonary artery
Coronary vein
The picture shows a human heart. Which shows the sequence of blood flow through the heart?
III ----> IV ----> I
IV ----> III ----> II
VII ----> VIII ----> I
VIII ----> VII ----> VI
Which hormone promotes the thickening of the endometrium and also inhibits the hormone that promotes the development of the follicle wall into the corpus luteum?
LH
Progesterone
FSH
Estrogen
Which row correctly matches the hormone with its site of production and its role?
A
B
C
D
What process is blocked by neonicotinoid pesticides in insects?
Transmission of nerve impulses in the presynaptic neuron
Formation of synaptic vesicles
Release of neurotransmitter
Binding of neurotransmitters to post synaptic acetylcholine receptors
The picture shows a human heart. Which shows the sequence of blood flow through the heart?
III ----> IV ----> I
IV ----> III ----> II
VII ----> VIII ----> I
VIII ----> VII ----> VI
What is the function of the alveoli?
gas exchange
ventilation
respiration
inspiration
Which muscles are used during inhalation/inspiration?
internal intercostals
external intercostals
diaphragm
external intercostals and diaphragm
What changes occur within the lungs with the external intercostals contract?
both pressure and volume increase
pressure increases and volume decreases
pressure decreases and volume increases
both pressure and volume decrease
What feature of alveoli adapts them to efficient gas exchange?
They have muscles which pump air in and out regularly.
Their membranes are more permeable to gases than water.
A constant blood supply flows through them.
A dense network of capillaries surrounds them.
The blood in the aorta is:
deoxygenated
oxygenated
The blood in the pulmonary artery is:
deoxygenated
oxygenated
The mammalian heart has ___ chambers.
1
2
3
4
Which vessel directly supplies the heart muscle with blood?
Aorta
Pulmonary artery
Coronary artery
Pulmonary vein
What is the role of the sinoatrial node (SA node)?
To initiate contraction of the ventricle
To pass excitation through the Purkinje fibers
To originate the excitation in the myogenic muscle
To cause the relaxation of the atria
Which of the following describes arteries?
They have thick muscular walls
They usually contain valves
They carry blood toward the heart
They carry blood from the lungs
Identify:
Lung
Bronchus
Salivary gland
Alveoli
Which part of the brain has a role in the control of the heartbeat?
Hypothalamus
Medulla
Pituitary gland
SA node
Which chamber of the heart has the thickest walls?
Right atrium
Left atrium
Right ventricle
Left ventricle
Which feature maintains a high concentration gradient of gases in the ventilation system?
thin-walled alveoli
thin-walled capillaries
a most lining of the alveoli
blood flowing in the capillaries
The way the brain increases heart rate is by sending the message via a hormone.
True
False
The way the brain increases heart rate is by sending the message via a nerve.
True
False
Which protein carries most of the oxygen within red blood cells?
Insulin
Myosin
Hemoglobin
Rubisco
Which blood vessel has valves?
Artery
Vein
Capillary
William Harvey discovered that blood flows away from the heart in arteries and back to he heart in veins. What hypothesis could be developed from this discovery?
The human body contains both arteries and veins
Blood vessels link up arteries to veins
How blood moves from arteries into veins
Veins are connected to the left side of the heart and arteries to the right side.
Which cells produce surfactant within the lung?
Type I pneumocytes
Type II pneumocytes
Endothelial cells
Epithelial cells
Which is a known consequence of a coronary occlusion?
Heart attack
Capillary rupture
Diabetes
Trouble sleeping
Blood pressure reads:
Systolic/Diastolic
Diastolic/Systolic
During the cardiac cycle, which contract first?
Atria
Ventricles
Which best describes the function of valves?
To keep blood pumping
To keep blood pressure up
To keep blood moving in one direction
To keep blood from going back to the heart
What is thought of as the primary defenses against pathogens in the human body?
Lymphocytes and phagocytes
Antibodies and lymphocytes
The skin and mucous membranes
The circulatory system
If the skin is broken then a blood clot forms to seal this cut.
What is the first step in the process of blood clotting?
Fibrinogen turns into fibrin
Platelets release clotting factors
Fibrinogen is converted into thrombin
Thrombin is converted into prothrombin
What is the effect which thrombin has on the process of blood clotting?
Fibrinogen is converted to fibrin
Prothrombin is converted to thrombin
Platelets are caused to release clotting factors.
Clotting factors are taken up by red blood cells.
Which type of blood cells are capable of ingesting pathogens?
Erythrocytes
Antibodies
Lymphocyte cells
Phagocyte cells
Anitigens on pathogens which have got into the human body can lead to the development of specific immunity.
That is an immunity which responds only to this antigen.
Which of the following cells causes the specific immunity?
Erythrocytes
Macrophages
Lymphocytes
Phagocytes
Why do antibiotics have little or no effect on human cells, yet they can cause the death of bacteria?
Antibiotics block prokaryote cell processes, but not the processes in eukaryote cells.
Antibiotics can only affect cells below a certain size.
Human cells have a protective plasma membrane which prokaryote cells don't have.
Antibiotics are made of proteins which cannot pass through the plasma membrane.
There are limits to the effectiveness of antibiotics.
Why is this?
Viruses are not affected because they have no metabolism, and some bacteria have evolved resistance.
Bacteria are not affected by antibiotics, only viruses.
Only one species of bacteria is affected by a single antibiotic.
Only some types of virus and bacteria are affected by antibiotics, because of the evolution of resistance.
Which of the following best describes the effect of HIV on the immune system.
HIV infection causes a reduction in the number of active blood cells resulting in a high fever.
HIV reduces the number of active lymphocytes limiting the body's ability to produce antibodies.
HIV reduces the number of active erythrocytes limiting the production of antibodies.
HIV reduces the number of phagocytes which in turn limits the production of antibodies.
When activated by the presence of a pathogen some lymphocytes produce antibodies and other lymphocytes act as memory cells.
Which of the following best describes the role of memory cells in the immune system?
They store antigens from the pathogen for lymphocytes to use as a template for antibodies in the future.
They remember the antigen on the pathogen and tell the lymphocytes how to respond if it is re-encountered.
They quickly clone to form a group of phagocytes if the pathogen is re-encountered.
They quickly clone to form a group of plasma cells if the pathogen is re-encountered.
Which of the following is the best explanation of the likely consequences of a blood clot forming in a coronary artery?
Part of the heart receives a slower supply of blood, and contractions of the heart become irregular.
The blood is prevented from getting to the cardiac muscle and it stops contraction, the heart stops beating.
The blood stops flowing into the heart and this prevents the flow of blood around the body.
The blood clot moves from the coronary artery to the brain causing a stroke.
Florey and Chain shared a Nobel Prize with Alexander Fleming for their work on penicilin.
Which of the following statements best describes their experiment which tested penecillin on mice?
Four mice injected with a bacterial disease and four injected with penicillin to test toxicity and effectiveness.
Two mice injected with penicillin and a bacterial disease to test both toxicity and effectiveness against bacteria.
Toxicity test on two mice, then eight mice injected with a lethal dose of disease bacteria, four of which were also given penicillin to test its effectiveness against bacteria.
Hundreds of mice injected with penicillin and their lives monitored to measure how many of the mice developed infections during their lives.
Which of the following lists methods of transmission of HIV?
Sex without a condom, from breast milk, contaminated blood transfusions.
From saliva, sharing food and mosquito bites.
From bodily fluids such as sweat, semen and saliva.
Sex without a condom, mosquito bites and contaminated blood transfusions.
What is the role of the hormone leptin?
To regulate the metabolic rate
To inhibit appetite
To control circadian rhythms
To increase blood sugar concentration
The hormones insulin, glucagon, thyroxin and leptin can all affect energy storage in the body. Which hormone increases the rate of energy release and use?
Insulin
Glucagon
Thyroxin
Leptin
Which hormone is part of a negative feedback control system and acts on cells in the hypothalamus?
Insulin
Glucagon
Melatonin
Leptin
What helps to regulate the levels of glucose in blood?
Insulin and glucagon
Kidneys and liver
Glycogen and insulin
Digestion and respiration
After 8 hours of sleep and before eating, which hormone will be secreted and what cells secrete it?
Insulin-alpha cells
Glucagon- alpha cells
Insulin-Beta cells
Glucagon- Beta cells
Which hormone is matched with its site of production?
Thyroxin- Adipose cells
Leptin- Thyroid gland
Melatonin-pineal gland
Glucagon- pancreatic Beta cells
The graph shows changes in an individual’s blood glucose concentration over time. What hormones were secreted at J and K?
Epinephrin- insulin
Insulin- Glucagon
Glucagon- Insulin
Thyroxin- epinephrin
The graph shows the changes in blood glucose concentration of an untreated patient with type I diabetes and a non-diabetic person after a meal.
Which statement correctly describes the events in this untreated diabetic patient immediately after a meal was eaten?
Alpha cells of the pancreas secrete too little glucagon.
Beta cells of the pancreas secrete too little glucagon.
Alpha cells of the pancreas secrete too little insulin.
Beta cells of the pancreas secrete too little insulin.
How can knowledge about the pineal gland function be applied?
To restore sleep time by the use of melatonin
To trigger ovulation during an IVF treatment
To reduce sperm production in male contraception
To regulate blood sugar in type I diabetes
What characterizes type I diabetes?
It can be controlled by diet alone.
Risk factors such as obesity increase its frequency.
The alpha cells of the pancreas are destroyed, usually during adulthood.
The beta cells of the pancreas are destroyed, usually during childhood.
On the graph, which curve represents the change in FSH levels during the menstrual cycle?
A
B
C
D
The diagram shows the human female reproductive system.
Which labels indicate where fertilization occurs (X) and where luteinizing hormone (LH) acts (Y)?
X: 1 Y:3
X:2 Y:5
X:3 Y:4
X:1 Y: 5
The diagram shows the human male reproductive system.
Which numbers indicate a gland providing fluid for sperm (X) and a tube that transports sperm only (Y) ?
X:1 Y: 2
X:5 Y:3
X:4 Y:3
X:5 Y:2
Which pituitary hormones regulate the human menstrual cycle?
FSH and LH
Progesterone and estrogen
HCG and estrogen
FSH and oxytocin
Which hormone promotes the thickening of the endometrium and also inhibits the hormone that promotes the development of the follicle wall into the corpus luteum?
LH
Progesterone
FSH
Estrogen
The diagram shows the male reproductive organs in front view. Which structures are indicated by the letters X and Y?
X: sperm duct Y: Epididymis
X: sperm duct Y: Seminal vesicle
X: fallopian tube Y: Epididymis
X: fallopian tube Y:prostate gland
Which is a negative feedback mechanism in the menstrual cycle?
Follicle stimulating hormone inhibits estrogen
Estrogen inhibits luteinizing hormone
Estrogen inhibits follicle stimulating hormone
Progesterone inhibits estrogen
Which two hormones promote thickening of the endometrium?
FSH and LH
Estrogen and FSH
LH and estrogen
Progesterone and estrogen
Which structure in male reproductive system brings the sperm to maturity and stores the sperm cells?
Prostate gland
Testes
Epidiydymis
Seminal vesicles
Menstruation involves.....
the production of eggs
shedding the inner lining of the uterus
the production of estrogen
ovulation
Which of the following is not a function of bones and endoskeleton?
acting as levers
providing structural support
providing force for movement
anchoring muscles
Which types of movement are permitted by the elbow joint?
flexion and extension
abduction and adduction
rotation
all the above
Which types of movement are permitted by the elbow joint?
flexion and extension
abduction and adduction
rotation
all the above
Which types of movement are permitted by the hip joint?
flexion and extension
adduction and abduction
rotation
all the above
Which letter represents the triceps muscle?
A
B
G
H
Which letter represents the ulna and cartilage respectively?
E and C
F and D
F and C
E and D
Which letter represents the triceps muscle?
A
B
G
H
Which letter represents the ulna and cartilage respectively?
E and C
F and D
F and C
E and D
Which is not a function of cartilage?
absorbing mechanical shocks
reducing friction between bones
connecting bones to muscles
allowing smooth movement between bones
What is the function of synovial fluid?
protecting the ends of bones
providing force for movement
creating hydrostatic pressure
lubricating joints
Which of the following does not apply to skeletal muscle tissue?
muscle fibers contain intercalated discs
myofibrils have repeated units called sarcomeres
muscle fibres contain many contractile elements called myofibrils
a muscle fibre is multinucleated
Which number represents myosin filament?
1
5
3
4
The length of a sarcomere is represented by
1
2
5
6
The A band contains
actin filaments only
myosin filaments only
both myosin and actin filaments
neither myosin nor actin filaments
When a muscle contracts
both actin and myosin become shorter in length
myosin heads pull the actin towards the M line
actin heads pull myosin towards H line
the sarcomere length increases
When activated B cells multiply, what do they produce?
Plasma cells
Antigens
Histamines
T lymphocytes
What is a role of activated B cells?
Secrete antibiotics in response to specific antigens
Activate T cells in the immune response
Release histamine in response to allergens
Multiply to form clones of plasma cells
What is an example of active immunity?
Antibodies passed from the mother to fetus across the placenta
Antibodies produced by another organism and injected to protect against a disease
Antibodies passed from the mother in colostrum during breastfeeding
Antibodies produced after the defense mechanisms have been stimulated by antigens
How are monoclonal antibodies produced?
Fusion of plasma cells with B cells
Fusion of plasma cells with tumor cells
Fusion of T cells with B cells
Fusion of T cells with tumor cells
What is an example of active immunity?
Antibodies passed from the mother to fetus across the placenta
Antibodies produced by another organism and injected to protect against a disease
Antibodies passed from the mother in colostrum during breastfeeding
Antibodies produced after the defense mechanisms have been stimulated by antigens
A secondary immune response occurs when an antigen is encountered on a second occasion, due to exposure to a pathogen that previously caused infection. Which property of some viruses explains the lack of a secondary immune response?
Viruses fail to induce a primary response.
Viruses can have a high mutation rate.
B cells do not interact with viruses.
Antibodies cannot interact with viruses.
What is directly responsible for allergic symptoms, including a runny nose or itchy eyes?
Pathogens
T-lymphocytes
Histamine
Antigens
Mucus traps pathogenic bacteria. Mucus also attracts viruses that attack pathogenic bacteria. What part of the immune system do these viruses resemble in their function?
Antigens
Antibodies
Memory cells
Antibiotics
Any foreign molecule that can trigger an immune response is called a(n):
antibody
histamine
antigen
B lymphocyte
Plasma cells secrete:
bacteria
histamines
antigens
antibodies
What is a macrophage's main function?
To ingest pathogens
To produce antigens
To produce antibodies
To divide to produce memory cells
Monocytes move from the systemic circulatory system into general connective tissues, where they differentiate into what phagocytic cell type?
Macrophage
T cell
B cell
Neutrophils
Disease fighting cells are stored all throughout the body.
True
False
Which of the following remember antigens that have already attacked the body?
Antibodies
B cells
Antigens
Memory cells
Which of the following diseases is known to be caused by a glitch in the immune system?
Asthma
Cancer
Type I Diabetes
Type II Diabetes
Which of the following are proteins that fight off diseases?
Antibodies
B cells
T cells
Antigens
How do antibodies fight antigens?
Specific binding sites on antibodies join with specific markers on antigens
Antibodies destroy all the cells they come in contact with
Antibodies attack 'good' and 'bad' cells
None of the above
Each B cell can make multiple types of antibodies.
True
False
The diagram shows a section through the seminiferous tubules. What is the cell labelled X?
Spermatid that will differentiate into sperm
Primary spermatocyte that will undergo meiosis to form secondary spermatocytes
Sertoli cell that provides nutrients
Stem cell that will divide by mitosis to form spermatogonia
The image shows a light micrograph of tissue stained with a dye that binds to the nucleic acids in a cell. What is the major purpose of the tissue depicted in the image?
Absorption of digested food
Production of insulin
Spermatogenesis
Fertilization
The image shows a flow chart. Which sequence would correspond to the stages shown in the flow chart?
sexual intercourse--ovulation--pregnancy--maintenance of endometrium
disintegration of corpus luteum--pituitary gland activity-estrogen production-- ovulation
mitosis--growth--differentiation--pregnancy
implanted embryo--corpus luteum of ovary--progesterone production--maintenance of endometrium
If the ovaries of a pregnant woman have to be removed during the first five months of pregnancy, a miscarriage results and the pregnancy fails. If the ovaries are removed in the last four months of pregnancy, the miscarriage does not occur. What is the reason for this?
After the fifth month, the ovaries can regenerate rapidly.
The placenta produces sufficient hormones to sustain the pregnancy.
The pituitary gland takes over the function of sustaining the pregnancy.
Before removal the ovaries produce sufficient hormones to sustain the pregnancy.
Which interaction occurs between hormones in the reproductive systems of women?
Estrogen from the corpus luteum stimulates secretion of FSH.
Estrogen from the follicle stimulates secretion of LH at midcycle.
Progesterone stimulates secretion of LH after ovulation.
During birth, progesterone stimulates secretion of oxytocin.
The diagram shows the female reproductive system. Which structures do K and L identify?
K: endometrium L: uterine wall
K: placenta L: endometrium
K: amnion L: placenta
K: fetus L: uterine wall
Which hormone is inhibited during pregnancy in order to prevent contractions of the uterus?
Oxytocin
Progesterone
Estrogen
FSH
The diagram shows the exchange processes that take place in the placenta between the maternal and fetal blood. Which process requires endocytosis?
A
B
C
D
What does the blastocyst secrete?
HCG
Estrogen
ADH
Progesterone
What helps to prevent polyspermy?
The unequal division of oocytes
The placental barrier
The contraceptive pill
The cortical reaction
Where does the acrosome reaction occur?
A
B
C
D
The image shows a section of a seminiferous tubule. What is shown by the letter X?
Meiosis I in a primary spermatocyte
A spermatogonium undergoing mitosis
Meiosis II in a secondary spermatocyte
A spermatid undergoing meiosis
Through what process does a spermatid become a functioning spermatozoan?
Mitosis
Differentiation
Fertilization
Meiosis
The image shows the male reproduction system. Where is prostate cancer likely to start developing?
In X only
In Y and Z only
In Z only
In X, Y and Z
What is the function of the epididymis in the male reproduction system?
To stimulate sperm production by secreting testosterone
To store the sperm in the final stages of maturation
To provide fluids to nourish the sperm
To transport the sperm from the testes to the urethra
From where is human chorionic gonadotropin (HCG) secreted in early pregnancy?
Embryo
Corpus luteum
Ovary
Pituitary gland
Which event takes place during normal fertilization?
The acrosome fuses with the egg membrane.
The entire sperm cell enters the egg cytoplasm.
The egg divides to form a blastocyst.
The cortical granules fuse with the egg membrane.
What does the sperm duct do?
It stores sperm.
It allows the degeneration of the sperm cells themselves.
It allows the transit of sperm from the testicles to the outside of the body.
It produces testosterone
Where does the cervix lie?
On the outside of the female genitals.
Next to the ovaries.
On the fallopian tube.
The narrow passage forming the lower end of the uterus.
How is a zygote formed?
A sperm meets an egg inside the fallopian tube.
A sperm meets an egg inside the uterus of a female.
An egg meets a sperm inside the vagina of a female.
A sperm meets an egg inside the cervix of a female.
