a statement that answers a question

process of arriving at an inference, interpretation, or reason

recorded measurements or observations collecting during a scientific investigation

data or information that either supports a statement or shows that it is not true

the process of reasoning by drawing a logical conclusion based on factual evidence

a prediction based on background knowledge saying what is expected to happen in an experiment

to use a tool to learn more about the volume, length or weight of an object

to study something using your senses

explanation of how or why a piece of evidence supports a claim

writing down and keeping track of data

when two equal forces are applied to an object in opposite directions, the object does not move

a pull or push that is applied to an object

a force that opposes the motion of a body across a surface or through a gas or liquid

a force that exists between any two objects that have mass

an object's resistance to a change in motion

a resistive force between two objects moving past each other

the amount of matter in an object

a change in the position of an object compared to another object

the resulting force determined by combining all of the forces acting on an object

unit for force

a specific point in space

a place or object used for comparison to determine if something is in motion

distance traveled per unit of time

a resistive force between stationary objects due to the roughness of the two surfaces in contact

push or pull on an object that is not subject to an equal and opposite push or pull

the speed and direction of moving objects

the force of gravity on an object

to pull towards

a material that transmits energy

positive and negative

relating to a physical field or waves due to the interrelation of electricity and magnetism

a subatomic particle with a negative charge

a material that does not readily conduct electricity or heat

an object with a north and south pole that produces a magnetic field

a region in space near a magnet or electric current in which magnetic forces can be detected

the attractive or repulsive force that is exerted between the poles of a magnet and electrically charged moving particles

a subatomic particle with no electric charge, located within the nucleus of the atom

the opposite ends of a battery, a magnet, or the north and south ends of the Earth

a subatomic particle with a positive charge that is located in the nucleus of an atom

to force an object away or to keep it away

a material that has a conductivity that is between that of an insulator and a conductor

the layer of soft but solid mobile rock found below the lithosphere

the movement of Earth's continents relative to each other

movement of rock in the asthenosphere powered by heat energy from the Earth’s core; causes movement of tectonic plates

a tectonic plate boundary at which two tectonic plates move toward each other, causing collisions and subduction zones

the innermost layer of Earth, comprised of the liquid outer core and solid inner core; consists mainly of iron and nickel

the layer of rock that forms Earth's surface

a measure of how many particles are packed together into a certain amount of space

a tectonic plate boundary at which two tectonic plates move away from each other

a sudden shaking of the ground caused by the movement of rock underground

a crack in a body of rock that the rock can move along

a hot, stationary point below the lithosphere where melting of the mantle and crust generates volcanism at Earth's surface

the solid, inner portion of Earth's core, composed of an alloy of iron, nickel, and other heavy elements

long, curved chain of oceanic islands associated with intense volcanic and seismic activity

melted rock on Earth's surface

the part of Earth which is composed mostly of rocks; the crust and outer mantle

melted rock located beneath Earth's surface

the layer of solid rock between Earth’s crust and core

solid layer of rock below the asthenosphere

an oceanic rift zone that consists of long mountain chains with a central rift valley

crustal structure form by divergence of two tectonic plates

the liquid outer portion of Earth's core, composed primarily of iron and nickel

compressional seismic waves generated by earthquakes

the large supercontinent at the end of the Paleozoic Era consisting of all the land on Earth, including all seven continents and other landmasses

the theory that describes the movement and recycling of segments of Earth's crust, called tectonic plates

a tectonic valley that forms by extensional stress which causes fracturing and the formation of normal faults

transverse seismic waves generated by earthquakes

the process by which new oceanic lithosphere forms at mid-ocean ridges as tectonic plates pull away from each other

waves of energy that travel through Earth’s interior due to an earthquake or other tectonic forces

an instrument used to detect and measure earthquakes and other ground vibrations

the sinking of an oceanic plate beneath a plate of lesser density at a convergent boundary

a tectonic plate boundary along which plates slide horizontally past one another in opposite directions

an opening in the Earth's surface through which magma and gases or only gases erupt

an area or habitat where land meets the ocean

a line on map connecting points of the same elevation

difference in elevation between each contour line

the process by which a sediment or other material falls upon a surface

a hill of sand created by the wind

the height of an area of land above sea level

the process by which wind, water, ice, gravity, or other natural forces move sediment over Earth's surface

the flat part of a river valley consisting of sediment deposited by the river

a contour line that is bolded and has a number attached to it

sudden movement of rocks or soil down a hill or mountainside

solid material, moved by wind, water, and other forces, that settles on the surface of land or the bottom of a body of water

steepness of a landform

a map which shows the relief and other features of an area

the physical features which define the relief of a landscape, such as mountains, valleys, and the shapes of landforms

the physical or chemical breakdown of rocks and minerals into smaller pieces or aqueous solutions on Earth's surface

the age given in years, of a fossil, a rock, a feature, or an event

describes a species of animals that once lived on Earth but which no longer exists

evidence that an organism once existed in an area; can be a part of the organism's body or a trace fossil which is a mark or print left by the organism

the information about Earth's history that can be gathered from fossils

the record of geologic time, divided into eons, eras, periods, epochs, and ages

a body of magma that has intruded on a rock layer, cooled, and hardened

fossils of organisms belonging to species that existed in large numbers for a relatively short amount of geologic time; used to date the rocks in which they are found

the study of fossils and the fossil record

the scientific law stating that an igneous intrusion or fault is necessarily younger than the rocks which it intrudes (or cuts across)

the scientific law stating that, in undisturbed rock layers, each layer is younger than the layer beneath it, and older than the layer above it

the dating of events based solely upon the order in which they occurred

fossilized evidence of plant existence or animal movements such as root channels, footprints, and burrows

a gap (or break) in the rock record where younger rocks are separated from older rocks with intervening periods of deposition completely missing

the principle that throughout Earth's history, slow geologic processes (such as weathering and erosion) have been occurring in the same manner and at the same rates as today

the process by which the characteristics of a species change over many generations in response to the environment

one member of a pair or series of genes on specific chromosomes in specific positions

selective breeding of plants and animals by humans

a version of a gene that is co-expressed with another allele in the heterozygote

an allele that is fully expressed in the phenotype of a heterozygote

A theory that the various types of animals and plants have their origin in other preexisting types and that the distinguishable differences are due to modifications in successive generations

a measure of an animal’s ability to survive and reproduce

the basic unit of heredity in a living organism

range of differences in DNA among organisms

the study of heredity and inherited characteristics

internal genetic coding passed on from one generation to the next

the passing of traits from parent to offspring

having different pairs of genes for any given pair of hereditary characteristics

having identical pairs of genes for any given pair of hereditary characteristics

a form of inheritance in which the phenotype of a heterozygote is intermediate between the phenotypes of individuals who are homozygous for each allele

the theory stating that natural variation among organisms that make them best adapted to their environment live and reproduce, therefore passing on to their offspring the genetic qualities best suited to that environment

a new organism that is the product of reproduction

the observable traits of an organism passed on from parent to offspring

the group of organisms of the same species living in the same area

a genetic trait that lacks the ability to manifest itself when a dominant gene is present

a group of organisms that share similar characteristics and can mate with each other to produce offspring

a characteristic or property of an organism