Chromatids are copied and paired

two nuclei are formed with exact copies of DNA

Individual copies are separated and pulled away

Chromosomes are lined up in the middle

the passing of traits from parent to offspring

When two dominant alleles are expressed, resulting in a third phenotype

When two dominant alleles are individually expressed at the same time (they can both be seen)

The genetic makeup of an organism for a particular trait (the letter combination "Rr")

The physical appearance of a trait

Two of the same alleles for a particular trait; purebred (RR or rr)

Two different alleles for the same trait; hybrid (Rr)

mutated (abnormal) cells that divide uncontrollably

A physical or chemical substance that changes the genetic structure

A single nucleic base that changes within DNA structure

a mutation caused when an incorrect base is inserted or deleted, changing the entire codon

Deliberately manipulating the genes within an organism in ways other than natural life processes is known as genetic engineering.

Can cure genetic diseases, healthier food, faster growth of food

Can be temporary, can have unexpected consequences, can be unethical

slow, gradual change in organisms from one kind to another

organisms compete for resources that ensure the survival of the best suited organisms; "survival of the fittest"

An organism will acquire traits or characteristics from its environment; and then those traits are passed on to the offspring

combines the theories of Darwin and Devries; Mutations supply new traits, organisms produce more offspring than can survive, natural selection only allows the best suited organisms to survive

(Created by De Vries) mutations produce favorable variations in a species needed for biological evolution

biblical-evolution hybrid theory that states the days of Creation were long periods of time spanning thousands to millions of years

biblical-evolutionary theory that states that God created a "First Creation" that lasted a long time, during the fall of Satan the "First Creation" was destroyed and the Earth had no form, then the "Second Creation" was made as the Genesis account states

biblical-evolutionary theory that states that the earth is billions of years old and at various times God created new branches of organisms

biblical-evolutionary theory that states that God initiated the evolutionary processes of all things to form the diversity of species seen today

the science of classifying organisms

a tool used to identify an organism or group of organisms using a series of questions about the characteristics

an organism's name derived from the genus and species name

a two-named naming system to determine the scientific name of an organism

Classification Groups (Taxons) from largest (most broad) to smallest (most specific) is Domain, Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Genus, Species

single-celled, microscopic, and prokaryotic organisms

kingdom of organisms that can survive in extreme conditions

kingdom of organisms that can affect the immune systems of other organisms

a heterotrophic (consumer) and motile protist

kingdom of eukaryotic organisms that do not fit into any other kingdom

kingdom of organisms that are heterotrophic decomposers

an autotrophic (producer) protist

reproduction involving only one parent organism; the offspring is an exact copy of the parent

reproduction involving two parent organisms; the offspring is not identical to either

asexual reproduction where DNA is replicated and then the organism separates in half, creating two identical organisms

asexual reproduction where the new organism grows on the parent organism and then pinches off when it can live independently

sexual reproduction in protists where genetic information is exchanged before cell division

asexual reproduction where the single parent organism breaks into parts, or segments, that each grow into whole new organisms

reproductive cells of fungi

plants without xylem or phloem

plants with xylem and phloem

plants that reproduce using spores

plants that reproduce using seeds

plants that produce seeds in cones

plants that produce seeds in fruit and produce flowers

the female reproductive structure of a flower

the male reproductive structure of a flower

protect the budding flower before it blooms

The attractive part of flower to assist with reproduction

part of the flower where pollen is produced

the sticky part of the pistil that collects the pollen

The stalk of the flower that holds up the anther

the stalk of the pistil that holds up the stigma

structure at the base of the pistil and eventually becomes the fruit

structure that contains the female reproductive cells within the pistil, eventually becomes the seed

Animals are organisms that are eukaryotic, multicellular, and are heterotrophic (consumers)

an animal that has a backbone

An animal without a backbone

animals that can regulate their own internal body temperature; warm-blooded

animals that rely on their environment to regulate body temperature; cold-blooded

Phylum of invertebrates that contain filter-feeders, such as sponges

phylum of invertebrates that contain organisms with sting cells called nematocysts (jellyfish, coral, sea anemones)

phylum of invertebrates that contains organisms with mantles and visceral masses (oysters, squids, snails)

phylum of invertebrates that contain organisms with radial symmetry, tube feet, hydro-vascular systems (starfish and sea urchins)

phylum of worms that contain tiny roundworms that usually parasitic (Ascaris)

phylum of worms that contain flatworms that are usually parasitic (tapeworms, flukes, planarians)

phylum of worms that contain segmented worms that are usually free-living decomposers (earthworms, sandworms, leeches)

phylum of invertebrates that have exoskeletons, compound eyes, segmented bodies, and jointed appendages (crustaceans, arachnids, insects)

class of vertebrates that are strictly aquatic, use gills to breathe, and are ectothermic (sharks, clown fish, stingrays)

class of ectothermic vertebrates that spend part of their life in water and part of their life on land during different stages of development (frogs, toads, salamanders, and newts)

class of ectothermic vertebrates that typically live on land and have rough, scaly skin (turtles, snakes, lizards, crocodilians)

class of endothermic vertebrates that have feathers, lay eggs, and have wings (eagle, hawk, penguin)

class of endothermic vertebrates that give live birth, have hair or fur, and feed their young from their mammary glands