Our cells create tissues that form organs, and each cells purpose, communicating and carrying out each reactions that make life possible.

(p.3)

How many basic principles does the cell theory consist of?(the original form)

(p.4)

Through advance in molecular biology a fourth tenet has been added to the theory.

(p.4)

Which one is a cell theory?

(p.4)

Viruses are small structures that doesn’t contain genetic material and are unable to reproduce on their own.

(p.4)

The fourth tenet through advance in molecular biology is:

(p.4)

Prokaryotic cells are:

(p.5)

Numerous membrane-bound organelles are found in the cytoplasm of a ______

(p.5)

Eukaryotic cells are the opposite of Prokaryotic cells.

(p.5)

Each cells have a membrane enclosing a semi fluid cytosol in which the organelles are suspended.

(p.6)

Cytosol is:

(p.6)

The nuclear envelope creates one distinct environment within the cell.

(p.6)

The nucleus is surrounded by the _____________

(p.6)

The nuclear membrane is a double membrane that maintains a nuclear environment separate and distinct the cytoplasm.

(p.6)

The genetic material (DNA) contains coding regions called acids.

(p.6)

Linear DNA is wound around organizing proteins know as histones and is then further wound into linear strands called chromosomes.

(p.6)

A subsection of the nucleus known as the ____

(p.6)

the ribosomal (RNA) is synthesized in the nucleus.

(p.7)

The power plants of the cell is called _____ in reference in to their important metabolic functions.

(p.7)

How many layers does the mitochondrion contains?

(p.7)

The outer membrane serves as a barrier between the cytoplasm and the inner environment of the mitochondrion.

(p.7)

The inner membrane , which is arranged into numerous unfolding called cristae, contains molecules and enzymes of the electron transport chain.

(p.7)

The space between the inner and outer membrane is called the inter-membrane space.

(p.7)

Nuclear pores in the nuclear membrane allow selective two-way exchange of material between________ and _______.

(p.6)

Mitochondria are different from other parts of the cell, in that they are autonomous. They contain some of their own genes and replicate dependently of the nucleus via binary fission.

(p.7)

The process by which a cell undergoes programed cell death in a highly organized manner in response to either external or internal signals is:

(p.8/478)

The nucleolus actually takes up approximately _______ of the volume of the entire nucleus and can be identified as a darker spot in the nucleus.

(p.7)

To keeping the cell alive by providing energy, the mitochondria are also capable of _______ by release of enzymes from the electron transport chain.

(p.8)

Apoptosis is also known as programed cell death.

(p.8)

Lysosomes are membrane-bound structures containing hydrolytic enzymes that are capable of breaking down many different substrates.

(p.8)

Lysosomes include substances ingested by endocytosis and cellular waste products.

(p.8)

Lysosomes often function in conjunction with_____, which transport, package and sort cell material traveling to and from the membrane.

(p.8)

Endosomes are capable of transporting material to:

(p.8)

Release of the enzymes can occur in a process known as apoptosis.

(p.8)

Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER) is a series of connected membranes that aren't contiguous with the nuclear envelope.

(p.8)

There are 2 varieties of Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER).

(p.8)

The ______ ER is studded with ribosomes, which permit the translation of proteins destined for secretion directly into its lumen.

(p.8)

The _____ ER lacks ribosomes and is utilized primarily for lipid synthesis and the detoxification of certain drugs and poisons.

(p.8)

The smooth ER also transport proteins from the Rough ER to the endoplasmic reticulum.

(p.8)

The Golgi Apparatus consist of stacked membrane-bound sacs.

(p.8)

All cells have the same relative distribution of organelles.

(p.9)

Other cells such as red blood cells, which primarily serve a transport function, have not organelles at all.

(p.9)

Peroxisomes contain ADN.

(p.9)

One of the primary functions of peroxisomes is:

(p.9)

What provides structure to the cell and helps it to maintain its shape?

(p.9)

The cytoskeleton provides a conduit for the transport of materials around the cell.

(p.9)

there are ____ components of the cytoskeleton.

The component/s of the cytoskeleton is/are:

(p.9)

Microfilament is:

(p.10)

Microfilaments also play a ro.e in cytokinesis, or the division of materials between daughter cells.

(p.10)

The actin filaments are organized only into bundles and are resistant to both compression and fracture, providing protection for the cell.

(p.10)

The _______ during the mitosis, is formed from microfilaments, which organized as a ring at the site of division between the two new daughter cells.

(p.10)

Microtubules re hollow polymers of cilia proteins.

(p.10)

Microtubules radiate throughout the cell, providing the primary pathaways along which motor proteins like____ and _____ carry vesicles.

(p.10)

Cilia and flagella are motile structures composed of microfilaments.

(p.10)

Cilia are projections from a cell that are primarily involved in the movement of materials along the surface of the cell.

(p.10)

Cilia line the respiratory tract and are involved int he movement of mucus.

(p.10)

________ are structures involved in the movement of the cell itself, such as the movement of sperm cells through the reproductive tract.

(p.11)

Does cilia and flagella share the same structure composed of nine pairs of microtubules?

(p.11)

Microtubules are organized into a ring of ___ doublets with ____ central microtubules.

(p.11)

Where does centrioles are found in a region of the cell?

(p.11)

Centrioles are:

(p.11)

The microtubules emanating from the centrioles attach to the mitochondria via complexes called kidney.

(p.11)

_____________ are a diverse group of filamentous proteins.

(p.11)

Choose which proteins are in the diverse group of filamentous proteins of intermediate filaments

(p.11)

Intermediate filaments help anchor other organelles, including the nucleus.

(p.11)

Identify each part:

(p.6)

One of the unique characteristics of eukaryotic cells is the formation of tissues with division of labor.

(p.12)

How many tissue types are there?

(p.12)

The tissue types are: epithelial tissue, connective tissue, muscle and nervous tissue.

(p.12)

The predominant protein of microfilament is:

(P.10)

The predominant protein of microtubules is:

(p.12)

Fibroblasts, osteoblasts and chondroblasts are connective tissue.

(p.14)

Endothelial cells and alpha cells are epithelial tissue.

(p.12/14)

Epithelial tissues cover the body and line its cavities providing a means. for protection against pathogen invasion and desiccation.

(p.12)

Epithelial cells are involved in:

Epithelial cells are tightly joined to each other and to an underlying layer of connective tissue known as __________.

(p.12)

Nephrons in the kidney are composed of connective tissue, and hepatocytes in the liver, and acid-producing cells of the stomach are connective tissue.

(p.12)

How many layers does simple epithelia have?

(p.12)

How many layers does Stratified epithelia have?

(p.12)

Epithelia cells aren't polarized.

(p.12)

In epithelial cells one side faces lumen, while the other side interacts with underlying blood vessels and structural cells.

(p.12)

Pseudo-stratified epithelia have multiple layers.

Squamous cells are:

(p.12)

Cuboidal cells are:

(p.12)

Columnar cells are:

(p.12)

Connective tissue supports the body but doesn't provides a framework for the epithelial cells to carry out their functions.

(p.12)

Connective tissues are the the main contributors to the stroma or support structure.

(p.12)

Most cells in connective tissue produce and secrete materials such as collagen and elastin to form the __________.

(p.12)

____________ are the simplest of all organism and include all bacteria.

(p.14)

How many membrane-bound organelles does the prokaryotes have?

(p.14)

The genetic material of the prokaryotes is organized into a single circular molecule of DNA concentrated in an area of the cell called nucleoid region.

(p.14)

There are _______ overarching domains into which all life is classified.

Choose the overarching domains into which all life is classified.

(p.15)

Which of these contain prokaryotes?

(p.15)

Archaea are single-celled organism that are visually similar to bacteria.

(p.15)

Achaea were considered ___________.

(p.15)

Initially, Achaea and Bacteria where classified together into the kingdom of Monera.

(p.15)

Archaea contain a single circular ____________-.

(p.15)

All bacterias contain:

(p.15)

Some bacterias contain:

(p.15)

Both , Eukaryotes and Archaea start translation with methionine, contain similar RNA polymerases and associate their DNA with histones.

(p.15)

Approximately, how many bacterias are on Earth?

(p.16)

Bacteria perform essential functions for human beings.

(p.16)

All bacterias are mutualistic symbiotes, both humans and bacterias benefit from the relationship.

(p.16)

Bacteria outnumber human cells in the body by ______.

(p.16)

Other bacteria are pathogens or parasites, meaning that they provide no advantage or benefit to the host, but rather causes disease.

(p.160)

Pathogenic bacteria may live intracellularly only.

(p.16)

Spherical bacteria is known as:

(p.17)

cocci include common pathogens such as:

(p.17)

Bacteria arre classified by:

(p.41)

Rod-shape bacteria is known as:

(p.41)

Spiral-shaped bacteria is know as:

(p.41)

Obligate aerobes require______ for metabolism.

(p.18)

Anaerobes re bacterias that:

(p.18)

Anaerobes re bacterias that:

(p.18)

There are different types of anaerobe, obligate anaerobes, facultative anaerobes and aerotolerant anaerobes.

(p18)

obligate aerobes:

(p.41/18)

All bacterias require oxygen for survival.

(p.18)

_______________ can survive in environments with or without oxygen and will toggle between metabolic processes based on the environment.

(p.41)

Prokaryotes cells are multi-celled organism.

(p.18)

The cell wall forms______________ of the cell.

(p.18)

What forms the envelope?

(p.18)

Bacteria can be classified by the color their cell walls turn during Gram staining with a crystal violet stain, followed by a counterstain with safranin.

(p.19)

Only the cell wall provide structure and controls the movement of solutes into and out of the bacterium.

(p.18)

Gram-negative bacteria have a thin cell wall composed of peptidoglycan and an outer membrane containing :

(p.19)

Gram-positive bacterial have a thick cell wall composed of:

(p.19)

Bacteria may have _______ flagella that generate propulsion to move the bacterium toward food or away from inmune cells.

Moving in response to chemical stimuli is called ____________.

(p.19)

Bacterial flagella contain a filament composed of flagellin, a basal body that anchors and rotates the flagellum, and a hook that connects the 2.

(p.19)

Prokaryotes carry out the electron transport chain using the ___________.

(p.19

The ____________ is a complex structure that anchors the flagellum to the cytoplasmic membrane.

(p.19)

Bacteria contain a cell wall.

(p.19)

Basal body is the motor of flagellum , rotates at rates up to 300Hz.

(p.19)

Archaea contain:

(p.19)

Prokaryotes and eukaryotes have different-sized ribosomes but they carry them in the same way.

(p.20)

Hyperbaric oxygen may be used as a treatment for certain types of bacterial infections. In this therapy, the patient is placed in a chamber in which the partial pressure of oxygen is significantly increased, increasing the partial pressure of oxygen in the patient's tissues. This treatment is most likely used for infections with:

(p.48)

Which of the following does NOT describe connective tissue cells?

(p.48)

Which of the following types of nucleic acid could form the genome of a virus?

(p.48)

Which of the following activities occurs in the Golgi apparatus?

(p.48)

Mitochondrial DNA is:

(p.48)

Which of the following is NOT a function of the endoplasmic reticulum?

(p.48)

What is the main function of the nucleolus?

(p.48)

Which of the following organelles is surrounded by a single membrane?

(.48)

Which of the following is NOT a difference that would allow one to distinguish a prokaryotic and an eukaryotic cell?

(p.49)

Which of the following does NOT contain tubulin?

(p.49)

Herpes simplex virus (HSV) enters the human body and remains dormant in the nervous system until it produce an outbreak after exposure to heat, radiation or other stimuli. Which of the following statements correctly describe HSV?

(p.49)

Resistance to antibiotics is a well-recognized medical problem. Which mechanism(s) can account for a bacterium's ability to increase its genetic variability and thus adapt itself to resist different antibiotics?

(p.49)

A bacterial cell is noted to be resistant to penicillin. The bacterium is transferred to a colony that lacks the fertility factor, and the rest of the colony does not become resistant to penicillin. However, the penicillin-resistant cell has also started to exhibit other phenotypic characteristics, including secretion of a novel protein. Which of the following methods of bacterial recombination is NOT likely to account for this change?

(p.49)

In Alzheimer's disease, a protein called the amyloid precursor protein (APP) is cleaved to form a protein called ß-amyloid.This protein has a ß-pleated sheet structure and precipitates to form plaques in the brain. This mechanism of disease is most similar to which of the following pathogens?

(p.49)

After infection of all cell, a viral particle must transport itself to the nucleus in order to produce viral proteins. What is the likely genomic content of the virus?

(p.49)

Eukaryotic DNA is carried on a single circular chromosome.

(p.20)

Where are found the true histones?

(p.20)

Cell membrane is used for the electron transport chain and generation of ATP.

(p.20)

Prokaryotic ribosomes contain ___________ subunits.

(20)

Eukaryotic ribosomes contain ____________ ribosomes.

(p.20)

DNA acquired from external sources may also be carried on smaller circular structures known as ___________.

(p.20)

Prokaryotic reproduce via asexual reproduction in the form of binary fission.

(p.25)

_______________ are capable of acquiring and using genetic material from outside the cell.

(p.25)

_________________ is a simple form of asexual reproduction seen in prokaryotes.

(p.25)

The circular chromosomes attaches to the cell wall and replicates while the cell continues to grow in size.

(p.25)

The _______________ and ___________ begin to grow inward along the midline of the cell to produce two identical daughter cells.

(p.25)

Binary fission requires more events than mitosis.

(p.25)

To the single circular chromosomes in prokaryotes, extrachromosomal material can be carried in __________.

(p.26)

Plasmids may contain antibiotic resistance genes or episomes.

(p.26)

Plasmids can integrate into the genome are called:

(p.26)

Bacterial genetic recombination _______ bacterial diversity.

(p.26)

Occurs when genetic material from the surroundings is taken up by a cell, which can be incorporated this material into its genome:

(p.27)

Is the transfer of genetic material form one bacterium to another across a conjugation bridge; a plasmid can be transferred form F ⁺ cells to F ^- cells or a portion of the genome can be transferred from an Hfr cell to a recipient.

(p.27)

The best studied sex factor is the fertility (F) factor in E.coli.

(p.27)

Donor male :

(p.27)

Recipient female:

(p.27)

Is the transfer of genetic materia; from one bacterium to another via a bacteriophage vector:

(p.28)

Are the genetic elements that can insert into or remove themselves from the genome:

(p.29)

Bacteriophages are viruses that infect bacteria.

(p.28)

Bacteria reproduce via:

(p.29)

The bacteria adapt to new local conditions during:

(p.29)

Growth then increase exponentially during:

(p.29)

As resources are reduce, growth levels off during:

(p.29)

As resources are depleted, bacteria undergo a :

(p.29)

How many phases are for the bacterial growth curve?

(p.29)

Which are the mechanism of bacterial genetic recombination?

(p.28)

Viruses are composed of genetic material, a protein coat, and sometimes an envelope containing lipids.

(p.31)

Viruses are ____________ parasites, they can not survive and replicate outside of a host cell.

(p.31)

Viruses reproduce independently.

(p.31)

Bacteriophages are viruses that target bacteria.

(p.31)

Injects the genetic material into a bacterium:

(p.31)

Allow the bacteriophage to attach to the host cell.

(p.31)

Viral genomes may be made of various nucleic acids.

(p.31

)

Single-strated RNA viruses may be ________________ that can be translated by the host cell.

(p.32)

Requires a complementary strand to be synthesized by RNA replicase before translation:

(p.32)

______________ contain a single-stranded RNA genome, from which a complementary DNA stand is ,made using reverse transcriptase.

(p.32)

Virions are individual viruses particles.

(p.32)

Viruses infects cells by attaching all receptors, and can then enter the cell by fusing with the plasma membrane.

(p.33)

The human immunodeficiency (HIV) is a retrovirus that utilizes this life cycle which is one of the characteristics that make HIV so easy to treat.

(p.32)

Without the proper receptors, a cell is essentially invisible to the virus.

(p.34)

The virus reproduces by replicating and translating genetic material using the host cell’s:

(p.34)

Viral progeny are released through cell death, lysis, or __________.

(p.35)

Bacteriophages specific cycles are:

(p.35)

The bacteriophage produces massive numbers of new virions until the cell lyses. Bacteria in this phase are termed virulent:

(p.35)

The virus integrates into the host genome as a pro-virus or prophage, which can then reproduce along with the cell. The provirus can remain in the genome indefinitely, or may leave the genome in response to a stimulus and enter the lytic cycle:

(p.35)

_____________ are infectious proteins that trigger misfolding of other proteins, usually converting an α-helical structure to a β-pleated sheet. This decreases the solubility of the protein and increases its resistance to degradation.

(p.36)

___________ are plant pathogens that are small circles of complementary RNA that can turn off genes, resulting in metabolic and structural changes and, potentially, cell death.

(p.36)