growth may be stimulated in lateral buds.

flowering is stimulated to enhance fruit production.

the branch will die back.

all of the above.

are visible because of the rapid growth rate of earlywood relative to latewood.

can be counted to approximate a tree's age.

can give information about growing conditions in previous years.

all of the above.

cambium

pith

epidermis

cortex

collar-rot fungi

elongated underground stems producing sucker sprouts.

a symbiotic relationship between fungi and roots.

cells in which photosynthesis takes place.

they are not in the same genus.

they are not in the same family.

Douglas-fir is actually a type of hemlock.

balsam fir is not a conifer.

opposite.

alternate.

whorled.

compound.

Quercus Rubra

Quercus rubra

quercus Rubra

quercus rubra

Acer (maples).

Fraxinus (ashes).

Quercus (oaks).

Cornus (dogwoods).

Hemlocks

Firs

Pines

Spruces

available oxygen and water.

genetics of the plant.

pH of the soil.

available phosphorus and potassium.

in the upper 6 inches of soil.

deeper than 12 inches in the soil to protect against brought and temperature extremes.

immediately surrounding the trunk.

connected to the taproot.

drainage will be improved, helping the tree to establish.

nutrients will be more available to the newly established roots within the planting hole.

water will drain very slowly out of the planting hole.

the improved texture of the backfill will reduce the chances of girdling roots forming later.

micropores combines to form macropores.

soil aggregates are broken up, giving the soil a finer texture.

a high water content will reduce the damaging effects.

total pore space and the percentage of macropores are reduced.

they tend to become alkaline, and salts build up due to the lack of heavy rainfall.

they tend to become acidic because basic ions leach out.

they are fine in texture due to the high sand content.

they have a high water-holding capacity because rainfall is scare.

infrequent, deep soaking are preferable to frequent, shallow waterings

the most beneficial and efficient time to water is mid afternoon at peak sunlight

the foliage should be kept wet at night to reduce transpiration

keeping the soil moist at the root flare reduces girdling root formation.

have a greater water-holding capacity than clay soils

have a higher infiltration rate than clay soils

do not ever reach field capacity because drainage is good

all of the above

it is completely saturated

the permanent wilting point has been reached

gravitational water has drained away

there is no water available to the roots

less frequent waterings of longer duration will reduce the likelihood of salt buildup

water hitting the soil surface can lead to crusting

application rates that exceed absorption can lead to runoff

all of the above

careful plant selection and planting shallow

improvement of surface drainage by changing the grade or trenching

the installation of drain tiles

placing gravel in the bottom of the planting hole and backfilling with a sandy soil

6

8

10

4

all 17 essential elements

nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium

organic and inorganic nitrogen

equal amounts of N, P, and K

a slow-release fertilizer was applied

there is inadequate soil moisture

the tree is suffering from collar rot

all of the above

the tests are not reliable

the nutrient content can change after collecting

the soil may contain adequate nutrients but something may be inhibiting uptake

no one knows which levels of nutrients in soils are adequate

slow-release forms of nitrogen are sometimes desired

the soil pH must be adjusted to optimize nutrient uptake

the soil's buffering capacity may inhibit nitrogen absorption

urea is a good natural source of phosphorus

north-south location

temperature, rainfall, and winds

east-west location

low temperature extremes

tolerant of heavy top pruning

low-growing to remain below the lines

vase-shaped or overarching to clear conductors

all of the above

developing larger leaves

developing thinner leaves

variegated foliage losing variegation, or colored foliage tending to be greener

any or all of the above

upright

weeping

overarching

vase-shaped

Lowland tree species will always grow well in wet soils.

Forest understory plants tend to make good street trees because they don't grow tall.

Some tree species are adapted to hot, dry, or bright light conditions with small, thick foliage and sunken stomata.

Most evergreen conifers are very shade tolerant and tend to scorch in full sunlight.

is done only for bare-root trees

is not necessary for trees greater than 6 inches in diameter

is not always required or necessary

promotes a larger and stronger root system and better trunk taper

the backfill should be modified 50 percent with peat

the tree should be planted slightly shallow (with the top of the ball a few inches above ground level)

the hole should be dug 6 to 8 inches deeper than the ball and soft fill added

the tree should be planted deeper to discourage surface root growth

will improve drainage

will prevent the information of girdling roots

will restrict soil space and create a perched water table

will improve aeration and water infiltration

separate and tease apart the roots to reduce girdling root information

place soft fill in the bottom of the planting hole to encourage taproot growth

backfill the hole with a soilless growth medium to encourage root growth

none of the above

to compensate for root loss

to invigorate the tree

to reduce growth at the tips

to remove structurally weak or damaged branches

future pruning can be minimized

the tree will be structurally strong

codominant branching can be avoided

all of the above

prune any time during the dormant season

prune shortly after flowering

prune in late summer after seed formation

prune in the fall, just after leaf drop

flush with the parent stem

at a 45-degree angle to the parent stem

parallel to the branch bark ridge

just outside the branch collar

more tolerant of extremes than young trees

capable of tolerating heading

not tolerant of severe pruning

unlikely to produce watersprouts

branches should be removed at their point of origin or to a lateral large enough to assume apical dominance

all cut should be made at internodes to avoid cutting through buds

the tree should be root pruned to compensate for foliage loss

all of the above

the tree cannot have grown around the conductors

the conductor must not be forked

the conductor must be properly grounded

all of the above

reduce the voltage of the strike

prevent the tree from being struck

conduct the electrical charge into into soil away from the tree

all of the above

no more than 4 inches apart

in vertical alignment, one above the other

staggered, and no closer together than the diameter of the trunk

never use more than one brace rod per crotch

the decay will likely spread along the lag

the holding power will be reduced

the decay may be detected when drilling

all of the above

cabling the limbs together in triangular combinations

using double cables on each lag

installing the cables low in the tree with turnbuckles that can be tightened from the ground

all of the above

witch's broom

anthracnose

chlorosis

verticillium wilt

ovipositing or egg laying

adults feeding on the foliage

larvae feeding on the roots

feeding-induced galls on the twigs and foliage

leaves that have been skeletonized

distorted leaves or shoots

leaf mines or blotches

webs or tents in the tree

fungal spore growth depleting xylem reserves

phloem-feeding insects causing a loss of vigor

vascular damage from fungal invasion

a physiological disorder due neither to insects nor to disease

uniform with definite borders

uniform but generally not affecting the new growth

random and concentrated on the new growth

random with irregular borders

insects and disease of plants

tree health without the use of pesticides

the appearance, structure, and vitality of plants

pests, pathogens, and abiotic disorders of trees

process of infection and spread of disease in a tree

cumulative effects of stress causing decline of a plant

process in which pesticides eradicate both pests and beneficial insects

allocation of resources between growth, storage, and defense

the appropriate response process

Integrated Pest Management

the cultural control mechanism

Plant Health Care

kills all living organisms

kills insects on direct contact

is translocated throughout the plant

has no harmful effect on the environment

cultural control

mechanical control

biological control

chemical control

a tree with a potential for failure

an environment that may contribute to failure

a person or object that may be injured or damaged

all of the above

are excurrent by nature

have a weak union

develop reverse branch taper

form natural lion tails

losing the protection of the trees that used to surround them

less trunk stability and poor taper

increased exposure to the weather elements

all of the above

have a high potential to fail and should be removed

are less of a risk than those that lean due to phototropism

are not a threat unless located at the edge of a wooded area

are a risk only if they begin to grow in compensation for the lean

are required to have formal training in hazard assessment

must be qualified to perform a root crown inspection

will be held to a higher standard of duty than general citizens

all of the above

oxygen availability is reduced

the ability of the roots to absorb water and minerals decreases

root growth and expansion may be diminished

all of the above

tree preservation measures should be in the specifications

once construction has begun, it may be too late to save the trees

there is often littlearborists can do to treat construction damage

all of the above

water the site thoroughly before equipment is brought in

permanently raise the soil grade to protect tree roots

spread a temporary, thick layer of mulch over the site

root prune the trees in advance

pruning one-third of the crown to compensate for root loss

a surface application of 10 pounds of soluble nitrogen per 1,000 square feet

construction of a tree well

none of the above

radial aeration

tunnel aeration

soil fracturing

vertical radiation

an advisory recommendation

a mandatory requirement

a safety suggestion by NAA

none of the above

overhead electric lines

underground electric lines

telephone and cable TV wires

all of the above

Whenever performing tree care operations

when specified by the supervisor

whenever there are climbers working aloft

only if chain saws or shippers are in use

failure to maintain adequate chain tension

a worn sprocket or guide bar

the upper quadrant of the guide bar contacts an object

uneven sharpening of the chain saw teeth

severe bleeding

suspended breathing

poisoning

heat stroke

the safest method of lifting heavy objects

the stage of insect development when the skin is shed to allow for growth

a method of ascending a tree

a physiological problem leading to stress cracks

to tie in with the secured footlock method

to attach limbs to a speedline

as a false crotch to lower limbs

to cable small, multi-stemmed trees

a junction of two codominant stems

a crotch that contains included bark, making it a potential hazard

a block or other device that is hung in a tree to create a rigging point for ropes

a point of weak branch attachment created by sucker development near heading cuts

nylon

polyester

polypropylene

spectra

drop cut

jump cut

hinge cut

topping cut