Which of these is defined as: to study the cost-effectiveness of drug treatments

What the body does to the drug

Pharmacokinetics focuses on ADME which stands for:

What the drug does to the body

Involves receptor interactions, dose-response phenomena, and mechanisms of therapeutic and toxic effects

Biochemical and physiological effects of drugs on the body:

True or false: Specific interaction with regards to pharmacodynamics means receptor binding.

True or false: Specific interaction regarding pharmacodynamics means no receptor binding (chemical reactions, surfactant reactions, etc)

Area of pharmacology concerned with genetic variations that lead to differences in drug response among individuals or population.

True or false: general toxic effects, allergies, and side effects are responses that are normally not found in the general population

Variation of drug pathways:

Variation in enzymes that metabolize the drug:

Other "idiosyncratic" effects:

What are the 3 processes involved when drugs are administered?

True or false: higher Kd= lower affinity

True or false: less affinity means less response to the drug.

Chemical agent that uniquely interacts with a specific target (receptor) in the living organism and thereby causes changes in the biological function

Chemicals/drugs that have almost exclusively harmful effects

Poisons of biological origin, synthesized by plants or animals

Stimulates (increases signal transduction)

Inhibits (decreases signal transduction)

A molecule in the biological system to which a ligand/drug binds and that usually plays a regulatory role

A molecule binds to the receptor to activate/deactivate/modify it, resulting in the next step in that biological system

Endogenous sources of drugs are produced inside the body and by the body. An example of this would be

Exogenous sources of drugs are produced outside of the body. An example of this would be

Mainly receptor; a drug is designed to bind to and activate/deactivate/modify to alter the biologic system in which the receptor is found

Receptors for which no endogenous ligand has been discovered and for which the function is unknown; important for new drug discovery

Choose the main points regarding the nature of drugs.

Regarding drug size- does the lower (100) or upper (1000) limit achieve specificity for target receptor?

Regarding drug size, which limit (upper or lower) determines the ability of drugs to move throughout the body?

Drugs above 1000 MW units do NOT diffuse readily between compartments of the body.

Which type of drug-receptor bond is the strongest and is often irreversible?

Which type of drug-receptor bond can range in strength from weak to relatively strong and is more common than covalent?

Which type of drug-receptor bond is the weakest and involves a very precise fit of the drug to its receptor?

Stronger binding means shorter duration of action.

________ bonds require a very precise fit (drug/receptor): prove high selectivity.

Orientation of a chemical structure around a bond; same molecular formula but different 3D structure (mirror image is non-superimposable)

Mirror image stereoisomers

Mix of stereoisomers in a chemical solution or compound (drug)

Optical isomers that are NOT enantiomers, NOT mirror images

Drug efficacy is based on which 4 principles?

Drug efficacy, structure: structure can bind and ________, ________, and ___________ its target.

To encourage drug selectivity and to prevent binding to other receptors the drug must have a unique size, charge, size, and other properties. Increasing drug selectivity usually decreases what?

Delivery of a drug is important because of

What do you do if the drug molecule needed is too large to get to the target compartment?

Which is more important?

Which phase of testing measures efficacy, selectivity, and mechanism of action?

When is an IND (Investigational New Drug) filed for approval of a new medication for clinical testing?

Which part of testing occurs after an IND has been filed and in phases?

What is phase 1 of clinical testing (20-100 subjects) testing for?

What is phase 2 of clinical testing (100-200 subjects) testing for?

What is phase 3 of clinical testing (1000-6000) testing for?

When is an NDA (New Drug Application) filed?

Postmarketing surveillance occurs as phase 4 testing carrying over from clinical testing.

How many years after filing an NDA will the patent expire?

In which phase of studying are the following studied? Efficacy and toxicity, selectivity, MOA, in vitro and in vivo animal models (cellular, organ, and whole animal model)

What does an IND (Investigational New Drug) application contain?

What are the limitations of preclinical studies?

What are the limitations of clinical trials?

Which drug type does not use animals for preclinical studies?

Post marketing surveillance, which occurs after the NDA, mainly occurs to monitor drug safety including documentation of incidence and severity of rare adverse reactions, cost-effectiveness, comparative trials, and quality of life studies.

Upon expiration of a patent, any company may apply to the FDA to get permission to market a generic version. The generic drug molecule must be ____________ to the original.

Choose the answers that are considered to be pharmacokinetics

Choose the answers that are considered to be pharmacodynamics

Select the processes involved in pharmacodynamics (drug to body)

_______________: binds and activates the receptor in some fashion for full receptor effect

_________: binds and inhibits the receptor by competing for receptor site and preventing agonist binding

_____________: regulation of the receptor (activation or inhibition) by binding to a site different from the active site

___________: activates the receptor to the maximum extent (morphine)

________________: binds and activates the receptor but not to the maximum activity (buprenorphine) **increasing the concentration will not increase the response

__________: the receptor is active in the absence of the drug

_____________: binds and reduces any constitutive activity

The ability of drug to bind receptor (Kd) is called what?

The measure of the activity of a drug in a biological systemic called what?

______________: the ability of drug-receptor complex to initiate response

Which type of dose-response describes the effect of a drug of a particular individual?

_____________: more receptors exist than are necessary to produce maximal effect

Define competitive antagonist.

Will having enough extra agonist overcome inhibition in a competitive (reversible) antagonist situation?

_____________: an antagonist that binds to a receptor in such a way that it remains bound for the "life" of the receptor

_________________: adequate dose will minimize number of receptors available for binding ligand such that Emax cannot be reached

What type of dose-response is characterized by all or none response?

A quantal dose-effect curve is used to generate information regarding the margin of safety.

How do you calculate the therapeutic index?

What's the therapeutic window?

Voltage-gated ion channels do not bind to neurotransmitters.

Choose two examples of regulating mechanisms for ligand-gated ion channels

Which receptor type is the most abundant in our bodies?

Approximately what percentage of drugs target G-protein receptors?

Which 2nd messengers are used to amplify the effect of G-protein receptors?