Cell division through mitosis gives rise to many identical cells

The process that creates special structures and functions

Specialized cells become tissues --> organs ---> organ systems

Undifferentiated cells that can become differentiated into one or more types of specialized cells

There are two types of Stem Cells: Embryonic & Adult

One individual member of a species

Set of organs working together for a common function

Set of tissues working together for a common function

A group of cells working together for a common function

The most basic unit of life that has all the characteristics of life

A repeated pattern of growth, DNA duplication, and cell division occurs in eukaryotic cells.

Two main reasons for Cell Cycle to occur

Phase in the Cell Cycle when cell growth is taking place

One long continuous thread of DNA that consists of thousands of genes and regulatory information

A section of DNA with instructions for making a protein

One half of a duplicated chromosome

Two identical chromatids

Region of the condensed chromosomes that looks pinched

The ends of the DNA molecule

The division phase of the cell cycle.

-1 cell becomes 2 identical daughter cells

* Chromosomes condense and are visible as sister chromatids (in X’s).

* Nuclear membrane disappears.

* Spindle fibers form out of centrioles.

* Spindle fibers connect to the centromeres.

* Chromosomes line up in the middle of the cell.

* Sister chromatids separate, pulling away from each other and becoming individual chromosomes.

* Chromatids move to opposite ends of the cell.

* Chromosomes decondense and start to look like chromatin again

* Nuclear membrane re-forms around chromosomes at each pole.

* Spindle fibers break down.

The division of the cytoplasm into 2 individual cells

End result = 2 identical body cells

Cell regulation: signals that come from outside of the cell

Cell regulation: signals that come from the cell’s own nucleus

Programmed cell death

Internal/external signals activate genes that produce self-destructive enzymes

Uncontrolled cell division

- When cell cycle regulation breaks down

Cancer cells divide more slowly than healthy cells do

Clumps of cells that divide uncontrollably

Abnormal cells that typically remain clustered together

- It may be harmless & easily removed

Cancer cells that break away from the tumor and move to other parts of the body

- results in more tumors

The spreading of disease from one organ to others

Causes of cancer can be: Biological Factors, Lifestyle choices, Viruses & infections, and Carcinogens

Cancer-causing agents; chemicals that cause cancer by mutating DNA

Tobacco smoke and Asbestos are examples of carcinogens