–The outside layer of the GI tract

–Also called the visceral peritoneum

(a)  

LABEL #1

•Slice a portion of the GI tract and look in at it:

•Serosa

–The outside layer

–Also called the visceral peritoneum

•Muscularis externa

–Outer ______ layer (1)

•Submucosa

–Under the ______ (2)

•Mucosa

–Inside

(a)  

LABEL #2

•Slice a portion of the GI tract and look in at it:

•Serosa

–The outside layer

–Also called the visceral peritoneum

•Muscularis externa

–Outer ______ layer (1)

•Submucosa

–Under the ______ (2)

•Mucosa

–Inside

(a)  

•The ____ _____ (small old man Tom) is a fold of the peritoneum hangs the duodenum (first part of the small intestine) and the stomach from the liver

(a)  

•The ____ _____ is the largest peritoneal fold, it is like a big “O” of fat on your belly (some more then others) may be responsible for Dunlap’s disease

–Prevents spreading of infection  due to lymph nodes

(a)  

•_____ _____ covers small intestines like an apron

(a)  

PERITONITIS

•Inflammation of the (a)  

•Causes:

–Side effect of abdominal opening example: surgery (air in is not good?), trauma, disemboweled (would organs fall out?)

–Ruptured organ example: appendix burst, perforated ulcer

• (a)   is space between teeth & cheeks

•is sensitive, muscular manipulator of food

(a)  

–Muscle of tongue is attached to hyoid, mandible, hard palate and styloid process

– (a)   are the bumps---taste buds

Tooth Structure

–hardest substance in body

(a)  

Tooth Structure

–calcified connective tissue

(a)  

Tooth Structure

– modified periosteum

(a)  

Tooth Structure

–contains the “root” of the tooth such as the nerve & blood vessels

(a)  

Tooth Structure

–cements  the teeth in the mouth

(a)  

•Mechanical digestion is called (a)   (chewing)

Chemical Digestion

(a)  

•begins starch digestion at pH of 6.5 or 7.0 found in mouth

•when bolus & enzyme hit the pH 2.5 gastric juices hydrolysis ceases

Chemical Digestion

(a)  

•secreted by glands in tongue

•begins breakdown of triglycerides into fatty acids and glycerol

KNOW THIS AND ANSWER THE QUESTION!!

THINK OF MEG.

The Parotid Gland is located below the ear and over(Sort of lining) the masseter <=KNOW THIS

(a)  

•Which autonomic nervous system should be working when we eat?

Parasympathetic or Sympathetic?

(a)  

NAme the structure

•Collapsed muscular tube

•In front of vertebrae

•Posterior to trachea

•Posterior to the heart

•Pierces the diaphragm at hiatus

–hiatal hernia or diaphragmatic hernia

•Travel time is 6 seconds for solids and 1 sec for liquids

(a)  

Tongue forms food into (a)   . (Hint: ball of food)

• (a)   cells secrete pepsinogen

–HCl converts pepsinogen to pepsin

(a)   cells

–protect stomach walls from being digested

–with thick layer of mucous

•The esophageal sphincter is a physiological sphincter not a muscular one

•Control the symptoms:

–Have stomach hydrochloric acid (HCL) evaluated, it will usually be low, don’t take Tums

–Instead of Tums: Try apple cider vinegar with meals (1 teaspoon in 4 oz of water) sip with each meal. If this helps consider Betaine Hydrochloric acid tablet in the middle of each meals.

–Strengthen diaphragm  by singing

–Check for hiatal hernia

–Don’t lay down after meals

–Eat many small meals

THIS IS TALKING ABOUT??

(a)  

(a)   secreted by:

•(parietal cells )

–essential for absorption of B12 by small intestine

(a)  

•is needed to synthesize hemoglobin

–prevents pernicious anemia

(a)   secreted by

•(chief cell) (also release pepsinogen)

–gastric lipase splits the triglycerides in milk fat

•most effective at pH 5 to 6 (infant stomach)

_______

•(chief cell) protein digestion

–secreted as pepsinogen

–HCl converts pepsinogen to ______ (active form)

(a)  

–weighs 3 lbs., below diaphragm, second largest organ in the body (What is the largest organ?)

–right lobe larger, gallbladder on right lobe

–size causes right kidney to be lower than left

(a)  

Gross Anatomy of Liver (Label 1.)

•4 lobes -- right, left, quadrate & caudate

–1. _______ ligament separates left and right

–2. _____ ligament is remnant of umbilical vein

–ALL BLOOD FLOWS FROM ABSORBTION THROUGH THE LIVER BEFORE GOING TO THE HEART

(a)  

Gross Anatomy of Liver (Label 1.)

•4 lobes -- right, left, quadrate & caudate

–1. _______ ligament separates left and right

–2. _____ ligament is remnant of umbilical vein

–ALL BLOOD FLOWS FROM ABSORBTION THROUGH THE LIVER BEFORE GOING TO THE HEART

(a)  

•Sac on underside of liver – 4 inches long

•About 4 cups of  bile are secreted daily from liver

• (a)   stores & concentrates bile

(a)   (stored in gallbladder)

•Yellow-green fluid containing minerals, bile acids, cholesterol, bile pigments & phospholipids

–bilirubin pigment from hemoglobin breakdown

•intestinal bacteria convert to urobilinogen = brown color

Color of fecal matter

–_____ _____ emulsify fats & aid in their digestion

•enterohepatic circulation - recycling of bile salts from ileum

(a)  

• (a)   are inactive proteins. Converted to active enzymes by losing a part of themselves  (usually renamed without the “-ogen”) Example: Hydrochloric Acid converts pesinogen into pepsin.

•Zymogens are inactive proteins. Converted to active enzymes by losing a part of themselves  (usually renamed without the “-ogen”) Example: Hydrochloric Acid converts pesinogen into pepsin.

•Note the sphincter of Oddi going into the (a)  

•Acute pancreatitis---associated with heavy alcohol intake or biliary tract obstruction

–result is patient secretes trypsin in the pancreas & starts to digest himself

•Zymogens are inactive proteins. Converted to active enzymes by losing a part of themselves  (usually renamed without the “-ogen”) Example: Hydrochloric Acid converts pesinogen into pepsin.

•Note the sphincter of Oddi going into the duodenum

•_____ ______ ---associated with heavy alcohol intake or biliary tract obstruction

–result is patient secretes trypsin in the pancreas & starts to digest himself

(a)  

DUODENUM, Jejunum, ILEUM

Know this. Memorize them by Quadrants

Also, remember right after the Ileum (End of Small Intestine) comes the Cecum. The junction is called the Ileocecal Valve. The little tail hangin from the the cecum is the appendix. 

2. Then starts the ASCENDING (going up) colon. Then transverse colon and then DESCENDING (going down) colon, and finally the Sigmoid colon. Right after this is the RECTUM and anal canal.

–To break down nutrients into a form that can be used by the body

–To absorb them so they can be distributed to the tissues

What system has these functions?

(a)