2-Which layer represents the crust?

3- Which layer represents the lithosphere?

4- Which layer of the Earth is shown in the figure to the right?

5- What is a driving force for plate tectonics?

6- Where is the mid-ocean ridge currently?

7- You determine that the age of the oceanic crust a D is 90 Ma (ie 90 million years old). Approximately how far apart from each other were the continents at 90 Ma?

8- You subsequently determine that the age of the oceanic crust at B is 10 Ma. Based on the comparison between the ages at B and D, how did the rate of seafloor spreading change through time?

9- Which diagram below best shows the direction of plate motion along a transform boundary on a mid ocean ridge? (The diagrams are in map (or aerial) view. In other words, you are looking down on the diagrams.)

10- Use the diagram above showing a cross section to answer the following three questions. F is the ocean. The relative motion between A and B is _____.

11- Use the diagram above showing a cross section to answer the following three questions. F is the ocean. The ocean crust is shown by:

12- Use the diagram above showing a cross section to answer the following three questions. F is the ocean In the future it is likely that

13- If an ocean has convergent plate boundaries on every side and no divergent plate boundaries, is it growing or shrinking?

14- What type of minerals are the most common in the Earth’s crust and mantle?

15- In the diagram above, silicon atoms are located inside the tetrahedra formed by oxygen atoms (ie the triangles are silica tetrahedra). Based on your knowledge of bonding, which mineral will dissolve more quickly?

16- Which of the following elements would substitute most easily for K (Potassium, atomic number = 19) in the structure of a mineral (use the periodic table above for help)?

17- True or false: The rock cycle ends when rocks are metamorphosed

18- What minerals are most common to all rock types (igneous, sedimentary, metamorphic)?

19- Use the above diagram of Bowen’s Reaction Series to answer the following two questions. Which of the following minerals would crystallize last from a melt?

20- Use the above diagram of Bowen’s Reaction Series to answer the following two questions. Which mineral would weather first when exposed at the Earth's surface?

21- Both Granite and Rhyolite are light-colored igneous rocks. Both rhyolite and basalt are fine-grained igneous rocks. Which two igneous rocks cooled at similar rates?

22- Use the above map and key to answer the following two questions. Which of the following are example of divergent boundaries?

23- Use the above map and key to answer the following two questions. What mechanism most likely causes rocks to melt at locality #1?

24- What is the correct pair of igneous rocks with the same chemical composition?

25- A mineral found in mantle rocks will have which of the following characteristics?

26- Which of the following magma compositions is produced by partial melting of the upper mantle when no subsequent processes affect melt composition?

27- Geologists studying an ancient volcano find that most of the lavas erupted from the volcano are andesite and rhyolite. In what type of plate tectonic setting did this volcano most likely form?

28- Use the above diagram to answer the following two questions. Which of the above sediments is more mature?

29- Use the above diagram to answer the following two questions. Which of the above sediments is most likely to contain amphibole?

30- Which of the following groups includes only clastic sedimentary rocks?

31- In what depositional environment were the sediments in the photograph below most likely deposited?

32- What type of sediments would you expect to find at the mouth of the Mississippi River (where the Mississippi meets the ocean)?

33- An area has a layer of sandstone that is interpreted to have once been a beach. On top of that sandstone is a layer of marine mudstone (shale) (see figure). What can you say about the sea level of this area between deposition of the sandstone and mudstone?

34- In which of the following environments are rocks most likely to be eroded?

35- Which mineral is most likely to occur in a chemical/ biochemical sedimentary rock?

36- Use the figure above illustrating different magnifications of rocks to answer the following three questions. List the rocks in order of increasing metamorphic grade

37- Use the figure above illustrating different magnifications of rocks to answer the following three questions. Give rock A a name

38- Which of the four rocks is the protolith?

39- There is a large area made up of quartzite. What is the most likely environment that existed before the rocks in this area were metamorphosed?

40- What metamorphism type would you most likely find in the Appalachian Mountains?

41-How do we know the age of the Earth?

42-The base of the crust is defined by a change in _____.

43- What is a tectonic plate?

44- Use the diagram to the right to answer the following question. Why is the P wave velocity lower in the outer core than in the mantle?

45- Use the above figure to answer the following five questions. How many times did the magnetic field change direction in the above figure?

46- Use the above figure to answer the following five questions. What age crust has the highest density?

47- Use the above figure to answer the following five questions. At what age crust is the water-depth greatest?

48- Use the above figure to answer the following five questions. Assuming that the plate is moving at average speed (5cm per year), how far apart is the mid-oceanic ridge and the subduction zone?

49- Use the above figure to answer the following five questions. Where is the geothermal gradient the lowest?

50- What best explains the pattern of ages of oceanic crust shown in the figure above?

51- Chemical reactions involve the sharing or exchange of _____.

52- Which of the above four chemical models shows the building block of silicate minerals?

53- Which of the following is true about the rock cycle?

54- An ice cube melting in hot tea is analogous to which igneous process?

55- The lines shown on the idealized graph below illustrate the cooling histories for the four magmas listed below, i.e. the lines illustrate how magma temperature decreased with time. Which rock is best represented by cooling history B?

56- The lines shown on the idealized graph below illustrate the cooling histories for the four magmas listed below, i.e. the lines illustrate how magma temperature decreased with time. Which rock is best represented by cooling history A?

57-If you were to crystallize a mafic magma to form a gabbro, which of the following minerals would be the last to crystallize? (Hint, remember the mineralogy of a gabbro!)

58. Fractional crystallization of magma is a process during which

59- Use the figure to the right to answer the following four questions. Where would you most likely find the sequence of rocks shown to the right?

60- What type of rock are the pillow and sheet lava flows

61- What igneous process explains the enrichment of olivine in the layered peridotite?

62- Which of the following most accurately describes the process by which these rocks are related?

63-Where is the moho?

64- The figure above shows a cross section through a mountain (white) and the sediments (layers A, B, and C) in a nearby basin. Which layer contains fragments of the rocks that were at the top of the mountain when erosion started (ie when the mountains first started to form)

65- What kind of rock would you select if you wanted to study the chemical composition of ancient oceans?

66- Consider that two identical rocks 9protoliths) are metamorphosed. One of the rocks is metamorphosed at low temperature/ high pressure conditions and the other at high temperature/ low pressure condition. Which of the following statements about the two rocks after metamorphism is true?

67- The graph below illustrates how the temperature changed with time for part of the rock cycle. Which of the following is best represented by the graph?

68-The figure above shows a cross section. The numbers on the figure are ages (in millions of years) of the various rock layers. Use this figure to answer the following two questions. What geologic structure is represented by the thick dashed line?

69-At what plate tectonic boundary would you most likely find the above cross section?

70- What type of faults would you expect to find in the East African Rift?

71- A pencil will bend if you push down on both ends and push up in the middle. If you push hard enough the pencil will break. Breaking the pencil is an example of _____ behavior.

72-Use the above photograph to answer the following two questions. Which side of the fault is the footwall?

73- What type of stress is responsible for the above fault?

74- What type of fault offsets the road in the photo to the right?

75- What geologic structure is outlined by the box in the photo above?

76- Where did the structure most likely form?

77-Based on the figure of the cross section shown to the right, which unit is oldest?

78- What geologic principle would you use to determine the relative age of the gnu granite and the Eve Sandstone?

79-Is the Gnu Granite older or younger than the Ant Sandstone?

80-Which of the following is the correct order of events from oldest to youngest

81-Give the feature labeled by the letter “I” a name

82-Marine fossils in the cat limestone date the formation at 400 Ma. A zircon within the Fun granite dates the formation at 200 Ma. given this information, what can you say about the age of the Ewe sandstone?

83- A bone was recently revoered from a site in eastern Africa. Radiocarbon dating suggests that the bone contains 12.5% of its original amount of 14C (the parent isotope). Given the half0life of 14C is 5730 years, how old is the bone?

84- A radioactive (parent) isotope is discovered in different amounts in four rocks (A, B, C, D) of the same general composition. Which of the four rocks (described below) is the oldest?

85- What is the probability that a radioactive parent isotope will decay to a daughter isotope over the course of one half-life?

86-Which of the curves in the graph to the right correctly shows the change in proportion of DAUGHTER atoms during radioactive decay?

87- Seoul, South Korea is a megacity with 10 million people living in 234 square miles (for comparison, houston has 2 million people in 600 quare miles. What isostatic response would result from building a megacity (ie what would happen to the crust if a large amount of concrete and steel was placed onto a small area of it?

88- The figure to the right shows the surface elevation of a mountain and a lowland plain. You have no information about the crust at depth (below the dashed line). You collect rock samples from both the lowland plain and the mountain, Rocks at both localities have the same density. Based on your knowledge of isostasy, what can you say about the thickness of the crust beneath the mountains vs. the plain?

89-Use the figure above to answer the following two questions. The illustration above shows a map view of the three rock units. What is this feature?

90- in what tectonic setting would you most likely find the geologic feature illustrated in question #22?

91(24) Most continental crust is elevated above sea level whereas oceanic crust is primarily below sea level because _____.

92 Place the above stages of the Wilson Cycle in the correct order, given that you are starting with the image at the top.-

93-The islands shown on the figure to the right were formed by a hotspot, and the direction of plate motion is shown (map view). Which letter best shows the current location of the hotspot?

94-The photograph to the right shows a water- saturated mixture of volcanic debris covering an Indonesian village following the 1982 eruption of Galunggung volcano. What volcanic hazard is shown in this photograph?

95- The photograph to the right shows the formation of a new volcanic island (Nishino-shima) in the western Pacific Ocean. The ash and steam clouds form from the interaction of magma with seawater. What volcanic hazard is shown in this photograph?

96- The figure above shows three volcanoes: a shield volcano, a cinder cone volcano, and a stratovolcano. Use this figure to answer the following 3 questions. WHich of the above three volcanoes most likely formed above a subduction zone

97-Which of the above three volcanoes is likely to be the least explosive?

98- Where would you find volcano 3?

99- Magmatism associated with mid-ocean spreading ridges on the seafloor represent what type of volcanic hazard/ feature?

100- Place the following lava types in order from most viscous to least viscous.

101- Use the above seismogram to answer the following three questions. Which set(s) of waves are shear waves?

102- Which set(s) of waves can travel through liquid material in the Earth’s interior?

103- Which set(s) of waves are confined to travel at the Earth’s surface?

104- Approximately how far away from the seismograph station was the earthquake? Assume that the earthquake occurred at time 0. (Remember: P-waves travel ~6km/second.0

105- The same seismograph instrument has been in operation in Gottingen, Germany for over 100 years. Both the 1906 San Francisco earthquake and the 1989 Loma Prieta earthquake were recorded on this instrument ~91000km away. The 1906 San Francisco earthquake was a magnitude 8.1 and the 1989 Loma Prieta earthquake was a magnitude 6.9. Which of the above seismograms records the 1906 San Francisco earthquake?

106- As the distance to an earthquake increases, _____.

107-Based on your knowledge of plate tectonics, which of the following countries has the least risk of earthquakes?

108- Use the diagram above to answer the following two questions. The two kinks in the seismic wave path shown above are examples of seismic _____.

109- Why do P-waves decrease in velocity at the core-mantle boundary

110-Where is the Earth’s magnetic field generated?

111- Over geologic time, most of the heat lost from the Earth;s interior has been transported by _____.

112- Which of the following is the drive for Earth's climate

113- The Earth's climate system involves

114- The Milankovitch cycles are dependent on _____.

115- The effect of weathering silicate rocks on Earth’s climate is _____.

116- You read in the news that the fishing industry in Chile is failing, Indonesia is experiencing an extreme drought, and the southwestern US is having floods. What deductions can you draw about the weather pattern?

117- “Snowball Earth '' is a theory, which maintains that during several episodes in Earth’s ancient history (most recently 650 million years ago) glaciers extended almost all the way to the equator. How do you think Earth’s albedo during these episodes compared with today?

118-Is the following feedback positive or negative?

Atmospheric CO2 increases, more CO2 dissolves in the ocean, atmospheric CO2 decreases (note: this feedback results in the acidification of the ocean killing corals and damaging reef ecosystems)

119- Use the above image to answer the following two questions. Which set of blocks in the above illustration has the smallest surface area

120- Which set of blocks in the above illustration would undergo the greatest amount of chemical weathering (assuming the conditions are the same for all the blocks)

121- Which of the following is an example of chemical weathering?

122- What factor(s) control soil formation

123- Soil erosion increases, vegetation dies, because plant roots stabilize soil, vegetation loss results in increased soil erosion

124- Which of the following best explains why catastrophic mass wasting typically occurs after wavy rains?

125- Air and water generally travel by _____ flow giving them the ability to _____.

126- Is the following feedback positive or negative?

Sandstone dune grows in height, velocity of wind blowing over top of dune increases, erosion at top of dune increases

127-Which of the following processes would likely result in precipitation?

128- In which of the following environments does the weathering of rock occur most rapidly?

129- Which of the following minerals would you expect to be most common in a well-developed soil?

130- If the amount of discharge from an aquifer exceeds the amount of recharge, the water table _____.

131-Where is the aquifer confined?

132(25)-Which well is an artesian well?

Well on the left

Well on the right

133- There is a drought. Which well would run dry first?

134- The uppermost impermeable medium is most likely a _____.

135- Look at the above diagrams. A groundwater well is pumped for a period of time creating a cone of depression. How will the water table appear?

136- The diagram to the right depicts the confluence of two perennial steams (A and B) forming C. (Perennial means the stream has water in it all year.) Which of the following statements regarding stream C must be true?

137- A stream channel is narrowed by bridge construction. How will the velocity of flow change if the depth and discharge of the stream remain constant

138- Use the above flood- frequency curve for a stream to answer the following 2 questions. Small floods that are 12,000 ft^3/sec have a _____ likelihood of occurring in a given year

139- What is the peak discharge of a hundred year flood?

140- Beavers build a dam on a river disturbing the equilibrium of the river. How does  this effect sediment transport through the river?

141- As waves approach the shore they _____ causing them to _____.

142- The most important factor for the formation and intensification of hurricanes is _____.

143- On the map above, a sandy beach is shown in light gray. The long rectangle represents a groin. In which direction is the longshore drift flowing?

144- As you move from the poles to the equator, the snowline elevation _____.

145- The diagram to the right shows a cross section of a glacier. Where within the glacier would you expect the velocity of the ice to be the highest?

146- If you were to melt 50% of a 60 meter thick iceberg floating in the ocean, how much would sea level rise?

147- During the last ice age there was a large ice sheet over much of Canada and the northern US. Compare global sea levels during the last ice age to the modern day.