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WorksheetsAP Chapter 16-21 R and C Questions
Total questions: 127
Worksheet time: 1hrs 6mins
The cell bodies of the postganglionic neurons of the sympathetic division are located in the
sympathetic chain ganglia and collateral ganglia
dorsal root ganglia and terminal ganglia
terminal ganglia
All of these are correct
Given these phrases: (1) neuron cell bodies in the nuclei of cranial nerves
(2) neuron cell bodies in the lateral gray horn of the spinal cord
(T1–L2 and S2–S4)
(3) two synapses between the CNS and effectors
(4) regulates smooth muscle
1,2,3
2,3,4
1,3
1,2,3,4
The white ramus communicans contains
preganglionic sympathetic fibers
preganglionic parasympathetic fibers
postganglionic sympathetic fibers
postganglionic parasympathetic fibers
Splanchnic nerves
are part of the parasympathetic division
have preganglionic neurons that synapse in the collateral ganglia
exit from the cervical region of the spinal cord
All of these are correct
Which of the following statements regarding the adrenal gland is true?
The parasympathetic division stimulates the adrenal gland to
release acetylcholine.
The parasympathetic division stimulates the adrenal gland to release
epinephrine.
The sympathetic division stimulates the adrenal gland to
release acetylcholine.
The sympathetic division stimulates the adrenal gland to release
epinephrine.
The parasympathetic division
is also called the craniosacral division.
has preganglionic axons in cranial nerves.
has preganglionic axons in pelvic splanchnic nerves.
All of these are correct.
Given these structures: (1) collateral ganglion (2) sympathetic chain ganglion (3) white ramus communicans (4) splachnic nerve
Choose the arrangement that lists the structures in the order an action potential travels through them on the way from a spinal nerve to an effector.
3,2,4,1
1,3,2,4
1,4,2,3
4,3,1,2
Sympathetic axons reach organs through all of the following except
spinal nerves
pelvic splanchnic nerves
abdominopelvic nerve plexuses
head and neck nerve plexuses
Which of these cranial nerves does not contain parasympathetic fibers?
oculomotor (III)
facial (VII)
glossopharyngeal (IX)
trigeminal (V)
Which of these is not a part of the enteric nervous system?
sensory neurons
ANS motor neurons
neurons located only in the digestive tract
somatic motor neurons
Which of the following statements concerning the preganglionic neurons of the ANS is true?
All parasympathetic preganglionic neurons secrete acetylcholine.
Only parasympathetic preganglionic neurons secrete acetylcholine.
All sympathetic preganglionic neurons secrete norepinephrine.
Only sympathetic preganglionic neurons secrete norepinephrine.
Nicotinic receptors are located in
postganglionic neurons of the sympathetic division.
postganglionic neurons of the parasympathetic division.
membranes of skeletal muscle cells.
all of these sites.
Which of these events is expected if the sympathetic division is activated?
Secretion of watery saliva increases.
Tear production increases.
Air passageways dilate.
All of these are correct.
The sympathetic division
is always stimulatory.
is always inhibitory.
is usually under conscious control.
generally opposes the actions of the parasympathetic division.
When acetylcholine binds to nicotinic receptors,
the cell’s response is mediated by G proteins.
the response can be excitatory or inhibitory.
Na+ channels open.
the binding occurs at the effectors.
A sudden increase in blood pressure
initiates a sympathetic reflex that decreases heart rate.
initiates a local reflex that decreases heart rate.
initiates a parasympathetic reflex that decreases heart rate.
Both first and second choices are correct.
Which of these structures is innervated almost exclusively by the sympathetic division?
gastrointestinal tract
blood vessels
heart
urinary bladder
When comparing the endocrine system and the nervous system, the endocrine system generally
is faster-acting than the nervous system
produces effects that are of shorter duration.
uses blood-borne chemical messengers.
d. produces more localized effects.
Given this list of molecule types: (1) nucleic acid derivatives (2) fatty acid derivatives (3) peptides
(4) proteins (5) phospholipids
Which could be hormone molecules?
1,2,3
2,3,4
1,2,3,4
1,2,3,4,5
Which of these can regulate the secretion of a hormone from an endocrine tissue?
other hormones
negative-feedback mechanisms
humoral substances in the blood
All of these are correct.
Hormones are released into the blood
at relatively constant levels.
in large amounts in response to a stimulus.
in an episodic fashion.
All of these are correct.
Lipid-soluble hormones readily diffuse through capillary walls, whereas water-soluble hormones, such as proteins, must
pass through capillary cells.
be moved out of the capillary by active transport.
pass through pores in the capillary endothelium.
remain in the blood.
Concerning the half-life of hormones,
lipid-soluble hormones generally have a longer half-life.
hormones with a shorter half-life regulate activities with a slow
onset and long duration.
hormones with a shorter half-life are maintained at more constant
levels in the blood.
lipid-soluble hormones are degraded rapidly by enzymes in the cir-
culatory system.
Given these observations: (1) A hormone affects only a specific tissue (not all tissues). (2) A tissue can respond to more than one hormone. (3) Some tissues respond rapidly to a hormone, whereas others take
many hours to respond.
Which of these observations can be explained by the characteristics of hormone receptors?
1
1,2
1,2,3
2,3
Which of these is not a means by which hormones are eliminated from the circulatory system?
excreted into urine or bile
bound to binding proteins
enzymatically degraded in the blood (metabolism)
onjugated with sulfate or glucuronic acid
Down-regulation
produces a decrease in the number of receptors in the target cells.
produces an increase in target cells’ sensitivity to a hormone.
is found in target cells that respond to hormones that are maintained
at constant levels.
All of these are correct.
Activated G proteins can
cause ion channels to open or close.
activate adenylate cyclase.
inhibit the synthesis of cAMP.
All of these are correct.
Given these events: (1) GTP is converted to GDP. (2) The subunit separates from the β and γ units. (3) GDP is released from the α subunit.
List the order in which the events occur after a hormone binds to a membrane-bound receptor.
1,2,3
1,3,2
2,3,1
3,1,2
Which of these can limit a cell’s response to a hormone?
phosphodiesterase
converting GTP to GDP
decreasing the number of receptors
All of these are correct.
Given these events: 2+ (1) The α subunit of a G protein interacts with Ca (2) Calcium ions diffuse into the cell. (3) The α subunit of a G protein is activated.
hormone receptor?
Choose the arrangement that lists the events in the order they occur after a hormone binds to a receptor on a smooth muscle cell.
1,2,3
3,1,2
2,1,3
3,2,1
Given these events: (1) cAMP is synthesized. (2) The α subunit of G protein is activated. (3) Phosphodiesterase breaks down cAMP.
Choose the arrangement that lists the events in the order they occur after a hormone binds to a receptor.
1,3,2
1,2,3
2,1,3
2,3,1
When a hormone binds to a nuclear receptor
DNA produces mRNA.
G proteins are activated.
the hormone-receptor complex causes ion channels to open or close.
the cell’s response is faster than when a hormone binds to a membrane-
bound receptor.
Given these events: (1) activation of cAMP (2) activation of genes (3) alteration of enzyme activity
Which of these events can occur when a hormone binds to a nuclear receptor?
1
1,2
2,3
1,2,3
The pituitary gland
develops from the floor of the brain
develops from the roof of the mouth
is stimulated by neurohormones produced in the midbrain
both first and second choices are correct
The hypothalamohypophysial portal system
contains one capillary bed
carries hormones from the anterior pituitary to the body
carries hormones from the posterior pituitary to the body
carries hormones from the hypothalamus to the anterior pituitary
Which of these hormones is not secreted into the hypothalamohypophysial portal system?
GHRH
ACTH
PIH
GnRH
Which of these stimulates the secretion of ADH?
elevated blood osmolality
decreased blood osmolality
ACTH
release of hormones from the hypothalamus
Oxytocin is responsible for
preventing goiter
causing contraction of the uterus
preventing milk letdown from the mammary glands
maintaining normal calcium levels
Growth hormone
increases usage of glucose
decreases the synthesis of proteins
increases the breakdown of lipids
All of these are correct
Which of these hormones stimulates somatomedin secretion?
GH
FSH
LH
prolactin
Hypersecretion of growth hormone
results in gigantism if it occurs in children
causes acromegaly in adults
increases the probability that a person will develop diabetes
All of these are correct
LH and FSH
are produced in the hypothalamus
production is increased by TSH
promote the production of gametes and reproductive hormones
inhibit the production of prolactin
T3 and T4
require Iodine for their production
are made from the amino acid tyrosine
are transported in the blood bound to thyroxine-binding globulin
All of these are correct
Which of these symptoms is associated with the hyposecretion of thyroid hormones?
decreased metabolic rate
hypertension
diarrhea
weight loss with either normal or increased food intake
Choose a statement that most accurately predicts the long-term effect of exposure to a substance that prevents the active transport of iodide by the thyroid gland.
Large amounts of T3 and T4 accumulate within the thyroid follicles, but little is released.
The person exhibits hyperthyroidism.
The anterior pituitary secretes smaller amounts of TSH.
The circulating levels of T3 and T4 increase.
Calcitonin
is secreted by the parathyroid glands
levels increase when blood calcium levels decrease
causes blood calcium levels to decrease
insufficiency results in weak bones and tetany
If parathyroid hormone levels increase, which of these conditions is expected?
Osteoclast activity increases.
Calcium reabsorption from the small intestine is inhibited.
Calcium reabsorption from the urine is inhibited.
All of these are correct.
The adrenal medulla
produces steroids
secretes cortisol as its major product
decreases its secretions during exercise
forms a modified portion of the sympathetic division of the ANS
In the condition that a benign tumor results in the hypersecretion of hormones from the adrenal medulla, expected symptoms include
lethargy
hypertension
pallor
bradycardia
(slow heart rate)
Which of these is not a hormone secreted by the adrenal cortex?
aldosterone
androgens
cortisol
epinephrine
If aldosterone secretions increase,
blood potassium levels increase
blood hydrogen levels increase
acidosis results
blood volume increases
Glucocorticoids (cortisol)
increase the breakdown of lipids
increase the breakdown of proteins
decrease inflammation
All of these are correct.
Which of these is (are) expected in Cushing syndrome (hypersecretion of adrenal cortex hormones)?
loss of hair in women
disposition of adipose tissue in the face, neck, and abdomen
low blood glucose and blood pressure
All of these are correct.
Within the pancreas, the pancreatic islets produce
insulin
glucagon
digestive enzymes
Both first and second choices are correct.
Insulin increases
the uptake of glucose by its target tissues
the breakdown of proteins
the breakdown of lipids
glycogen breakdown in the liver
Glucagon
causes glycogen to be stored
decreases lipid metabolism
primarily affects the liver
performs all of these functions
When blood glucose levels increase, the secretion of which of these hormones increases?
glucagon
insulin
cortisol
GH
If a person who has diabetes mellitus has forgotten to take an insulin injection, the symptoms that may soon appear include
acidosis
hyperglycemia
lethargy and fatigue
All of these are correct.
Which of the following is not a hormone produced by the ovaries?
estrogen
progesterone
prolactin
inhibin
Melatonin
inhibits the development of the reproductive system
is produced by the posterior pituitary
decreases the tendency to sleep
production increases as day length increases
Which of these substances, produced by many body tissues, can promote inflammation, pain, and vasodilation of blood vessels?
endorphins
thymosin
prostaglandins
enkephalins
Which of these does not decrease with the aging of the endocrine system?
GH secretion
melatonin secretion
thyroid hormone secretion
parathyroid hormone secretion
Which of these is a function of blood?
clot formation
protection against foreign substances
maintenance of body temperature
All of these are correct.
Which of these is not a component of plasma?
nitrogen
platelets
water
urea
Which of these proteins is normally found in the plasma and plays an important role in maintaining the osmotic concentration of the blood?
albumin
platelets
hemoglobin
globulins
Red blood cells
are the least numerous formed element in the blood.
are phagocytic cells.
do not have a nucleus.
are produced in the yellow marrow.
Given these ways of transporting carbon dioxide in the blood:
(1) bicarbonate ions
(2) combined with blood proteins
(3) dissolved in plasma
Choose the arrangement that lists them in the correct order from largest to smallest percentage of carbon dioxide transported.
1,2,3
1,3,2
2,3,1
2,1,3
Each hemoglobin molecule can become associated with ________ oxygen molecule(s)?
one
three
an unlimited number of
four
Erythropoietin
is produced mainly by the heart.
inhibits the production of red blood cells.
production increases when blood oxygen decreases.
production is inhibited by testosterone.
Which of these changes occur(s) in the blood in response to the initiation of a vigorous exercise program?
increased erythropoietin production
increased concentration of reticulocytes
decreased bilirubin formation
Both first and second choices are correct.
All of these are correct.
Which of the components of hemoglobin is correctly matched with its fate following the destruction of a red blood cell?
heme—reused to form a new hemoglobin molecule
globin—broken down into amino acids
iron—mostly secreted in bile
All of these are correct.
The blood cells that protect against worm parasites are
eosinophils
basophils
neutrophils
lymphocytes
Monocytes
are the smallest white blood cells.
give rise to neutrophils.
increase in number during chronic infections.
produce antibodies.
The smallest white blood cells, which include B cells and T cells, are
eosinophils
basophils
neutrophils
lymphocytes
Platelets
are derived from megakaryocytes.
are cell fragments.
play an important role in clot formation.
All of these are correct.
Given these processes in platelet plug formation:
(1) platelet adhesion
(2) platelet aggregation
(3) platelet release reaction
Choose the arrangement that lists the processes in the correct order
after a blood vessel is damaged.
1,2,3
1,3,2
3,1,2
3,2,1
Given these chemicals:
(1) activated factor XII
(2) fibrinogen
(3) prothrombinase
(4) thrombin
Choose the arrangement that lists the chemicals in the order they are used during clot formation.
1,3,4,2
2,3,4,1
3,2,1,4
3,1,2,4
The extrinsic pathway
begins with the release of thromboplastin (tissue factor).
leads to the production of activated factor X.
requires Ca2+.
All of these are correct.
The chemical involved in the breakdown of a clot (fibrinolysis) is
antithrombin
fibrinogen
heparin
plasmin
A person with type A blood
has anti-A antibodies.
has type B antigens.
will have a transfusion reaction if given type B blood.
All of these are correct.
In the United States, the most common blood type is
A positive
B positive
O positive
O negative
Which of these structures returns blood to the right atrium?
coronary sinus
inferior vena cava
superior vena cava
All of these are correct.
The valve located between the right atrium and the right ventricle is the
aortic semilunar valve.
pulmonary semilunar valve.
tricuspid valve.
bicuspid (mitral) valve.
The papillary muscles
are attached to chordae tendineae.
are found in the atria.
contract to close the foramen ovale.
are attached to the semilunar valves.
surround the openings of the coronary arteries.
Given these blood vessels:
(1) aorta
(2) inferior vena cava
(3) pulmonary trunk
(4) pulmonary vein
Choose the arrangement that lists the vessels in the order a red blood cell would encounter them going from the systemic veins to the systemic arteries.
1,3,4,2
2,3,4,1
2,4,3,1
3,2,1,4
The bulk of the heart wall is
epicardium
pericardium
myocardium
endocardium
Cardiac muscle has
sarcomeres.
a sarcoplasmic reticulum.
transverse tubules.
many mitochondria.
All of these are correct.
Action potentials pass from one cardiac muscle cell to another
through gap junctions.
by a special cardiac nervous system.
because of the large voltage of the action potentials.
because of the plateau phase of the action potentials.
During the transmission of action potentials through the conducting system of the heart, there is a temporary delay at the
bundle branches.
Purkinje fibers.
AV node.
SA node.
AV bundle.
Given these structures of the conducting system of the heart:
(1) atrioventricular bundle
(2) AV node
(3) bundle branches
(4) Purkinje fibers
(5) SA node
Choose the arrangement that lists the structures in the order an action
potential passes through them.
2,5,1,3,4
2,5,3,1,4
2,5,4,1,3
5,2,1,3,4
5,2,4,3,1
T waves on an ECG represent
depolarization of the ventricles.
repolarization of the ventricles.
depolarization of the atria.
repolarization of the atria.
The greatest amount of ventricular filling occurs during
the first one-third of diastole.
the middle one-third of diastole.
the last one-third of diastole.
ventricular systole.
While the semilunar valves are open during a normal cardiac cycle, the pressure in the left ventricle is
higher than the pressure in the aorta.
lower than the pressure in the aorta.
the same as the pressure in the left atrium.
lower than the pressure in the left atrium.
Blood flows neither into nor out of the ventricles during
the period of isovolumetric contraction.
the period of isovolumetric relaxation.
diastole
systole
Both first and second choices are correct.
Stroke volume is the
amount of blood pumped by the heart per minute.
difference between end-diastolic and end-systolic volume.
difference between the amount of blood pumped at rest and that
pumped at maximum output.
amount of blood pumped from the atria into the ventricles.
Cardiac output is defined as
blood pressure times peripheral resistance.
peripheral resistance times heart rate.
heart rate times stroke volume.
stroke volume times blood pressure.
Pressure in the aorta is at its lowest
at the time of the first heart sound.
at the time of the second heart sound.
just before the AV valves open.
just before the semilunar valves open.
Just after the dicrotic notch on the aortic pressure curve
the pressure in the aorta is greater than the pressure in the left ventricle.
the pressure in the left ventricle is greater than the pressure in the aorta.
the pressure in the left atrium is greater than the pressure in the left
ventricle.
the pressure in the left atrium is greater than the pressure in the aorta.
The “lubb” sound (first heart sound) is caused by the
closing of the AV valves.
closing of the semilunar valves.
blood rushing out of the ventricles.
filling of the ventricles.
ventricular contraction.
Increased venous return results in
increased stroke volume.
increased cardiac output.
decreased heart rate.
Both a and b are correct.
Parasympathetic nerve fibers are found in the _______
release _______ at the heart.
cardiac, acetylcholine
cardiac, norepinephrine
vagus, acetylcholine
vagus, norepinephrine
Increased parasympathetic stimulation of the heart
increases the force of ventricular contraction.
increases the rate of depolarization in the SA node.
decreases heart rate.
increases cardiac output.
Because of the baroreceptor reflex, when normal arterial blood pressure decreases, the
heart rate decreases.
stroke volume decreases.
frequency of afferent action potentials from baroreceptors decreases.
cardioregulatory center stimulates parasympathetic neurons.
A decrease in blood pH and an increase in blood CO2 levels result in
increased heart rate.
increased stroke volume.
increased cardiac output. e. All of these are correct.
increased sympathetic stimulation of the heart.
All of these are correct.
An increase in extracellular potassium levels can cause
an increase in stroke volume.
an increase in force of contraction.
a decrease in heart rate.
Both a and b are correct.
Given these blood vessels: (1) arteriole (3) elastic artery (2) capillary (4) muscular artery
(5) vein (6) venule
Choose the arrangement that lists the blood vessels in the order a red blood cell passes through them as it leaves the heart, travels to a tissue, and returns to the heart.
3,4,2,1,5,6
3,4,1,2,6,5
4,3,1,2,5,6
4,3,2,1,6,5
Given these structures: (1) metarteriole (2) precapillary sphincter (3) thoroughfare channel
Choose the arrangement that lists the structures in the order a red blood cell encounters them as it passes through a tissue.
1,3,2
2,1,3
2,3,1
3,1,2
In which of these blood vessels are elastic fibers present in the largest amounts?
large arteries
medium arteries
arterioles
venules
large veins
Comparing and contrasting arteries and veins, veins have
thicker walls.
a greater amount of smooth muscle than arteries.
a tunica media, but arteries do not.
valves, but arteries do not.
All of these are correct.
The structures that supply the walls of blood vessels with blood are
venous shunts.
vasa vasorum.
tunic channels.
arteriovenous anastomoses.
coronary arteries.
Given these arteries: (1) basilar
(2) common carotid
(3) internal carotid (4) vertebral
Which of these arteries have direct connections with the cerebral arterial circle (circle of Willis)?
1,2,3,4
1,2,4,3
2,1,3,4
2,1,4,3
Given these veins: (1) brachiocephalic (2) internal jugular (3) superior vena cava (4) venous sinus
Choose the arrangement that lists the veins in order, from the brain to the heart.
1,2,4,3
2,4,1,3
2,4,3,1
4,2,1,3
Blood returning from the arm to the subclavian vein passes through
which of these veins?
cephalic
basilic
brachial
Both a and b are correct.
All of these are correct.
Given these blood vessels: (1) inferior mesenteric vein (2) superior mesenteric vein (3) hepatic portal vein (4) hepatic vein
Choose the arrangement that lists the vessels in order, from the small intestine to the inferior vena cava.
1,3,4
1,4,3
2,3,4
2,4,3
Given these veins: (1) small saphenous (2) great saphenous
(3) fibular (peroneal) (4) posterior tibial
Which are superficial veins?
1,2
1,3
2,3
2,4
3,4
Vascular compliance is
greater in arteries than in veins.
the pressure at which blood vessels collapse.
proportional to the diameter of the blood vessel times pressure.
the increase in vessel volume divided by the increase in vessel pressure.
The resistance to blood flow is greatest in the
aorta
arterioles
capillaries
venules
veins
Veins
increase their volume because of their large compliance.
increase venous return to the heart when they vasodilate.
vasodilate because of increased sympathetic stimulation.
All of these are correct.
Local direct control of blood flow through a tissue
maintains an adequate rate of flow despite large changes in arterial blood pressure.
results from relaxation and contraction of precapillary sphincters.
occurs in response to a buildup in CO2 in the tissues.
occurs in response to a decrease in oxygen in the tissues.
All of these are correct.
An increase in mean arterial pressure can result from
an increase in peripheral resistance.
an increase in heart rate.
an increase in stroke volume.
All of these are correct.
When blood O2 levels markedly decrease, the chemoreceptor reflex causes
peripheral resistance to decrease.
mean arterial blood pressure to increase.
vasomotor tone to decrease.
vasodilation
All of these are correct.
When blood pressure is suddenly decreased a small amount(10mmHg), which of these mechanisms are activated to restore blood pressure to normal levels?
chemoreceptor reflexes
baroreceptor reflexes
CNS ischemic responses
All of these are correct.
A sudden release of epinephrine from the adrenal medulla
increases heart rate.
increases stroke volume.
causes vasoconstriction in visceral blood vessels.
All of these are correct.
In response to a decrease in blood pressure
ADH secretion increases.
the kidneys decrease urine production.
blood volume increases.
All of these are correct.
In response to a decrease in blood pressure
more fluid than normal enters the tissues (fluid shift mechanism).
smooth muscles in blood vessels relax (stress-relaxation response).
the kidneys retain more salts and water than normal.
All of these are correct.
A patient is found to have severe arteriosclerosis of the renal arteries, which has reduced renal blood pressure. Which of these is consistent with that condition?
hypotension
hypertension
decreased vasomotor tone
exaggerated sympathetic stimulation of the heart
. Both a and c are correct.
During exercise, the blood flow through skeletal muscle may increase up to 20-fold. However, the cardiac output does not increase that much. This occurs because of
vasoconstriction in the viscera.
vasoconstriction in the skin (at least temporarily).
vasodilation of skeletal muscle blood vessels.
Both a and b are correct.
All of these are correct.
