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OnRamps Midterm Review

Total questions: 134

Worksheet time: 2hrs 0mins

Name
Class
Date
1.

Which type of cell is this?

a)

Prokaryote

b)

Eukaryote

2.
Which of the following provide evidence for the hypothesis that prokaryotes evolved before eukaryotes.
a)
prokaryotes are more complex
b)
prokaryotes have no nucleus and fewer genes
c)
eukaryotes are multicellular which makes them simpler
d)
prokaryotes grow into eukaryotes
3.

Which of the following structures is ALWAYS found in both eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells?

a)

nucleus

b)

mitochondria

c)

ribosomes

d)

cell wall

4.
Which type of cell?
a)
Prokaryote
b)
Eukaryote
5.
Bacteria reproduce by binary fission.
a)
true
b)
false
6.
The process by which bacteria use chemicals to produce food.
a)
photosynthesis
b)
autotroph
c)
chemosynthesis
d)
heterotroph
7.

Bacteria contain circular chromosomes called

a)

Ribosomes

b)

Coccus

c)

Plasmids

d)

Nucleus

8.

The two types of appendages for movement are called..

a)

Coccus and bacillus

b)

Flagella and pili

c)

Spirillum and pili

d)

Flagella and bacillus

9.
Name this bacteria shape
a)
coccus
b)
spirillum
c)
bacillus
10.
Name this bacteria shape
a)
bacillus
b)
coccus
c)
spirillum
11.
Name this bacteria shape
a)
coccus
b)
bacillus
c)
spirillum
12.
Which statement reflects one of the major components of the cell theory?
a)
All living things are multi-cellular.
b)
Organs are the basic unit of structure and function for all living things.
c)
All cells come from previously existing cells.
d)
Every organism has a reproductive system to ensure survival of the species.
13.
When cells are damaged, new cells are created by cell division. How does the cell theory support this fact?
a)
It states that all cells have a nucleus which divides.
b)
It states that all living things are made up of one or more cells.
c)
It states that cells come from previously existing cells.
d)
 It states that the basic units of structure and function are cells.
14.

Cell theory states that...

a)

cells are the basic building block of life

b)

cells are cool

c)

cells are microscopic

d)

cells cannot be destroyed

15.

One of the accepted scientific theories describing the origin of life on Earth is known as chemical evolution. According to this theory, which of the following events would need to occur first for life to evolve?

a)

onset of photosynthesis

b)

origin of genetic material

c)

Synthesis of organic molecules

d)

formation of the plasma membrane

16.

Which types of organisms developed first due to the early environmental conditions on Earth?

a)

prokaryotic and aerobic

b)

prokaryotic and anaerobic

c)

eukaryotic and aerobic

d)

eukaryotic and anaerobic

17.

The Miller-Urey experiment of 1953 was designed to test the hypothesis that lightning supplied the energy needed to turn atmospheric gases into organic molecules such as amino acids. Which of the following describes why the Miller-Urey theory is widely accepted today?

a)

Amino acids spontaneously form from molecules in the atmosphere today.

b)

Organic molecules are present today in extremely high concentrations.

c)

The process of synthesizing organic molecules from a mixture of gases has been successfully modeled in the laboratory.

d)

No other alternative hypotheses have been introduced.

18.

The diagram below shows a proposed theory of the origin of eukaryotic cells, called endosymbiosis.

Which of the following explains why cells that contained mitochondria-like organelles had an evolutionary advantage?

a)

They were able to photosynthesize

b)

They had more DNA

c)

They were able to make more use of available energy

d)

They were immune to bacterial invasion.

19.
What gas was necessary for complex (eukaryotic) life to evolve?
a)
Carbon dioxide
b)
Oxygen
c)
Dihydrogen monoxide
d)
Methane
20.
What process is shown within this diagram?
a)
Natural selection
b)
Endosymbiosis
c)
Chemical evolution
d)
Abiogenesis
21.
The theory of Endosymbiosis explains...
a)
The origin of eukaryotes
b)
How species develop
c)
How bacteria evolved
d)
Why cells rely on one another
22.
Endosymbiosis gave rise to
a)
golgi bodies
b)
chloroplasts and mitochondrea
c)
ribosomes and nuclei
d)
the rough and smooth endoplasmic reticulum
23.

What are the three domains of life?

a)

Animalia, Plantae, Fungi

b)

Archaea, Bacteria, Eukarya

c)

Kingdom, Phylum, Class

d)

Mammalia, Reptilia, Aves

24.

Which do BOTH prokaryotes and eukaryotes contain?

a)

nucleus

b)

mitochondria

c)

ribosomes

d)

cell wall

25.

what is letter D in the animal call?

a)

nucleolus

b)

nucleus

c)

endoplasmic reticulum

d)

lysosome

26.

which letter is the Cytoplasm

a)

C

b)

H

c)

B

d)

A

27.
The Golgi apparatus _____.
a)
packages cell products for export
b)
eliminates waste
c)
stores DNA
d)
makes energy
28.

Contains most of the genes that control the eukaryotic cell. Contains the nucleolus and chromatin.

a)

Nucleoid

b)

Nucleus

c)

Chromosome

d)

Plasmid

29.

Membrane bound sacs, larger than vesicles, stores water and dissolved nutrients

a)

vesicle

b)

vacuole

c)

lysosome

d)

perioxsome

30.

Protective layer external to the cell membrane, consists of chitin

a)

Bacterial Cell Wall

b)

Plant Cell Wall

c)

Protist Cell Wall

d)

Fungal Cell Wall

31.

Consists of DNA and protein, condenses to form chromosomes

a)

Nucleus

b)

Nucleolus

c)

Chromatin

d)

Ribosomes

32.

Part of the endomembrane system, sacs of enzymes used to digest food and old, worn out cell parts

a)

Peroxisome

b)

Vesicle

c)

Lysosome

d)

Golgi Apparatus

33.

Site of cellular respiration, produces ATP from sugar

a)

Chloroplast

b)

Mitochondria

c)

Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum

d)

Cytoplasm

34.

Carries ER products to the Golgi

a)

Transport vesicles

b)

Vacuoles

c)

Smooth ER

d)

Cytoskeleton

35.

Protective layer external to the cell membrane, consists of cellulose

a)

Protist Cell Wall

b)

Fungal Cell Wall

c)

Plant Cell Wall

d)

Prokaryotic Cell Wall

36.

Forms the boundary of the cell, acts as a selective barrier allowing certain materials to pass but not others

a)

Cell Wall

b)

Cytoplasm

c)

Cell Membrane

d)

Nuclear Membrane

37.

Supports the shape of the cell, anchors organelles and serves as a "track" for organelles to move on.

a)

Cytoskeleton

b)

Nuclear Membrane

c)

Cell Wall

d)

Gogli Apparatus

38.

What must D be?

a)

Vesicle

b)

Nucleus

c)

Vacuole

d)

Lysosome

39.
Histones are 
a)
proteins wound up in DNA
b)
critical to maintaining the shape of chromosomes
c)
aid in the tight packing of DNA
d)
all of these 
40.
When DNA is in its less coiled, "relaxed," state, between cell divisions, it is called
a)
autosomes
b)
chromatid
c)
chromatin
d)
centromere
41.
Synthesizes lipids, stores calcium, detoxifies drugs and poisons
a)
Rough ER
b)
Smooth ER
c)
Golgi Apparatus
d)
Peroxisomes
42.

In the cell, macromolecules such as lipids and proteins are transported using____.

a)

Vesicles

b)

Ribosomes

c)

Rough endoplasmic reticulum

d)

DNA

43.

Which of these is NOT a part of the endomembrane system?

a)

Nuclear membrane

b)

Endoplasmic reticulum

c)

Golgi apparatus

d)

Mitochondria

44.
Which of the following is NOT a function of the endomembrane system?
a)
Compartmentalization (creates different areas in the cell which do different things)
b)
Detoxification
c)
Protein modification and transportation of proteins
d)
Creation of ATP (energy)
45.
What is another term for "selectively permeable"?
a)
porous
b)
completely permeable
c)
permanent
d)
semipermeable
46.
A phospholipid has 2 parts. What are they called? 
a)
Hydrophilic Head, Hydrophobic Tail 
b)
Hydrophobic Head, Hydrophilic Tail 
47.
"Water Loving"
a)
Hydrophobic
b)
Hydrophilic 
c)
Hydroelectric 
d)
Hydroloric
48.
"Water Fearing" 
a)
Hydrophobic
b)
Hydrophilic 
c)
Hydroelectric 
d)
Hydroloric
49.
Describes the arrangement of the cell membrane as bendable and made of many parts. 
a)
The Fluid Mosaic Model 
b)
The Major Mobility Model 
c)
The Crazy Cell Model
d)
The Maze Model
50.
___________ allow cells to recognize each other and act like ID tags. 
a)
Carbohydrates 
b)
Proteins
c)
Phospholipids 
d)
Cholesterol
51.
___________ strengthens and stabilizes the cell membrane.
a)
Carbohydrates 
b)
Proteins 
c)
Phospholipids 
d)
Cholesterol
52.
___________ form the two layers of the cell membrane. 
a)
Carbohydrates 
b)
Proteins 
c)
Phospholipids 
d)
Cholesterol
53.
Something is ___________ ____________
when some molecules can cross the membrane while others cannot. 
a)
Selectively (or Semi) Permeable 
b)
Totally Transparent
c)
Liquid Licorice 
d)
Heavily Patrolled 
54.
A specific molecule that binds with a receptor to make something happen. 
a)
Ligand
b)
Receptor 
c)
Lipid
d)
Magic Potion
55.
Hydrophobic region of the cell membrane?
a)
E
b)
B
c)
C
d)
A 
56.
Part of the plasma membrane responsible for cell recognition... 
a)
C
b)
E
c)
B
d)
D
57.
Which letter indicates an integral protein?
a)
E
b)
F
c)
H
d)
I
58.
The movement of molecules across a membrane from high concentration to low concentration is called:
a)
Osmosis
b)
Diffusion
c)
Endocytosis
d)
Active Transport
59.
The molecule responsible for allowing water to flow across the membrane is:
a)
Glycolipids
b)
Glycoproteins
c)
Aquaporins
d)
Cholesterol
60.
Active Transport typically uses ______ to transport materials across the cell membrane.
a)
ATP
b)
Glucose
c)
Na+
d)
K+
61.
The red blood cells in solution A are in a ____________ environment
a)
Acidic
b)
Isotonic
c)
Hypotonic
d)
Hypertonic
62.
The red blood cells in solution C are in a ____________ environment
a)
Acidic
b)
Isotonic
c)
Hypotonic
d)
Hypertonic
63.
A Hypotonic solution contains an excess amount of:
a)
Na+
b)
H+
c)
Solute
d)
Water
64.
The Na/K Pump moves Na & K ions across the membrane at a ratio of ___ Na : ___ K.
a)
2:1
b)
3:2
c)
2:3
d)
1:2
65.
Other common examples of ion pumps include:
a)
Proton (H+) Pumps
b)
Aquaporins
c)
Ionophores
d)
K+ Leak Channels
66.
Molecules that need to come through channels into the cell are typically...
a)
Polar
b)
Hydrophobic
c)
Non-Polar
d)
Di-Atomic
67.
Molecules that come through into the cell by simple diffusion are typically...
a)
Polar
b)
Hydrophilic
c)
Non-Polar
d)
Carbohydrates
68.
A macrophage engulfing and digesting a bacterial cell is an example of:
a)
Exocytosis
b)
Endocytosis
c)
Co-Transport
d)
Osmosis
69.
What is a G protein?
a)
specific type of membrane-receptor protein
b)
protein on the cytoplasmic side of a membrane
c)
membrane-bound enzyme
d)
relay protein
70.
Which of the following can activate a protein by transferring a phosphate group to it?
a)
cAMP
b)
G Protein
c)
protein kinase
d)
protein phosphatase
71.
What do second messengers do?
a)
transport a signal through the lipid bilayer
b)
relay a signal from the outside to the inside of the cell
c)
relay message from the inside of the mebrane throughout the cytoplasm
d)
dampen the message
72.
Signal amplification is most often achieved by
a)
an enzyme cascade
b)
binding of multiple signals
c)
branching pathways
d)
action of adenylyl cyclase
73.
What does a protein kinase do?
a)
removes phosphates
b)
transfers phosphates from ATP to proteins
c)
activates an enzyme
74.
What does a protein phosphatase do?
a)
removes phosphates
b)
transfers phosphates from ATP to proteins
c)
activates an enzyme with a signal molecule
75.
What is a phosphorylation cascade?
a)
travelling of hormones through the air
b)
travelling of hormones through the blood
c)
the removal of a phosphate
d)
a series of molecules that get phosphorylated
76.
What determines whether a cell is a target cell for a particular signal molecule?
a)
phosphorylation cascade
b)
cAMP
c)
signal receptors
d)
phosphatase
77.
What determines whether a signal molecule binds on the surface or enters the cell?
a)
size
b)
polarity
c)
ability to cross the membrane
d)
all of these are correct
78.
Which of the following is a chemical message that usually travels through the bloodstream to target cells?
a)
hormone
b)
local regulator
c)
endocrine cell
79.

In cell signaling, how is the flow of specific ions

regulated?

a)

Opening and closing of ligand-gated channels

b)

Transduction

c)

Cytoskeleton rearrangement

d)

Endocytosis

80.

Many signal transduction pathways use second messengers to:

a)

transport a signal through the lipid bilayer portion of the plasma membrane.

b)

relay a signal from the outside to the inside of the cell.

c)

relay the message from the inside of the membrane throughout the cytoplasm.

d)

amplify the message by phosphorylating proteins.

81.
The 3 steps of signal transduction in order are
a)
reception, transduction, response
b)
response, transduction, reception
c)
reception, response, transduction
d)
transduction, reception, response
82.

This is an example of

a)

paracrine signaling

b)

endocrine signaling

c)

autocrine signaling

d)

juxtacrine signaling

83.

What is being depicted in the image?

a)

Amplification of the signal molecule

b)

Enzymatic proteins inhibiting process of the signal transduction pathway

c)

Kinase groups adding dimer groups to other enzymes

d)

Diffusion of molecules within the cell due to the signaling molecule

84.

Which letter represents the cell membrane?

a)

A

b)

B

c)

C

d)

D

e)

E

85.

Which letter represents the cell surface receptor protein?

a)

A

b)

B

c)

C

d)

D

e)

E

86.

Which letter represents the ligand?

a)

A

b)

B

c)

C

d)

D

e)

E

87.
Which has the greater EN: 
N or C?
a)
C
b)
N
88.
Which has the greater EN: 
H or F?
a)
H
b)
F
89.
Electronegativity is...
a)
how good an atom is at attracting electrons
b)
the ability of an atom to lose electrons
c)
the energy required to remove an electron from a specific atom
d)
how easy it is to make friends. 
90.
What are valence electrons?
a)
sum of the protons and neutrons
b)
protons minus electrons
c)
electrons in the inner shells
d)
electrons in the outer shell
91.
If an atom loses two electrons what charge will it have?
a)
-2
b)
-1
c)
+1
d)
+2
92.
If an atom gains two electrons what charge will it have?
a)
-2
b)
-1
c)
+1
d)
+2
93.
How are covalent bonds formed?
a)
Sharing of electrons
b)
Transfer of electrons
94.

What functional group is -OH

a)

Hydroxyl

b)

Carboxyl

c)

Amino

d)

Carbonyl Ketone

95.

What functional group(s) is/are present on the molecule? (check all that apply)

a)

Hydroxyl

b)

Carboxyl

c)

Methyl

d)

Carbonyl Aldehyde

96.

Classify the compound based on the functional group present.

a)

ketone

b)

ester

c)

carboxylic acid

97.
Classify the compound based on the functional group present.
a)
aldehyde
b)
ketone
c)
carboxylic acid
d)
ester
98.
Classify the compound based on the functional group present.
a)
aldehyde
b)
ketone
c)
alcohol
d)
carboxylic acid
99.

What functional group is -CH3

a)

Methyl

b)

Hydroxyl

c)

Carboxyl

d)

Carbonyl Ketone

100.
Classify the compound based on the functional group present.
a)
amine
b)
amide
c)
ether
d)
ester
101.

A molecule that has a partial positive end and a partial negative end because of unequal sharing of electrons is a _______________.

a)

nonpolar molecule

b)

polar molecule

c)

ionic compound

d)

metalic compound

102.

Atoms of a polar molecule share their atoms ___________.

a)

Equally

b)

Unequally

103.

Polar molecules will dissolve in other polar molecules and nonpolar molecules will dissolve in other nonpolar molecules.

a)

True

b)

False

104.

Polar molecules have

a)

no charges.

b)

slight positive and negative charges on opposite ends of the molecules.

c)

only positive charges.

d)

either positive or negative charges, but not both.

105.

Why is it difficult to wash oil from your hands with plain water?

a)

Both substances are polar. Like polarities repel.

b)

Both substances are nonpolar. Like polarities repel.

c)

Water is nonpolar, and oil is polar, so they will not combine.

d)

Water is polar, and oil is nonpolar, so they will not combine.

106.

All the following are monosaccharides EXCEPT:

a)

Starch

b)

Glucose

c)

Fructose

d)

flour

107.

Which of these bonds are found in chain of carbohydrates?

a)

Glycosidic Bonds

b)

Phophodiester Bonds

c)

Peptide Bonds

d)

Hydrogen Bonds

108.

Carbohydrates are our-

a)

Quaternary source of energy

b)

tertiary source of energy

c)

secondary source of energy

d)

primary source of energy

109.

Which of the following correctly displays the paired forms of stored energy?

a)

glycogen = liver and starch = potatoes

b)

glycogen = potatoes and starch = liver

c)

potatoes = liver and starch = glycogen

110.

Cellulose is a structural carbohydrate found in-

a)

plants

b)

fungi

c)

insects

d)

polyvinyl

111.

Which of the following is used for cell to cell signaling?

a)

glycoprotein

b)

chitin

c)

cellulose

d)

starch

112.

What organism would have a peptidoglycan cell wall?

a)

Bacteria

b)

Insects

c)

Algae

d)

Mushrooms

113.

Which types of carbohydrates are more healthy to consume and why?

a)

Complete carbs because they give us all the energy we need

b)

Simple carbs because they are easily broken down by the body to provide energy and are usually empty calories

c)

Incomplete carbs because they don't contain as many calories as other types of carbs

d)

Complex carbs because they provide a long term form of energy and usually have more nutrients

e)

Fiber because this supplies you with the healthiest form of energy

114.

The element _______is found in all of the organic compounds.

a)

Iron

b)

Carbon

c)

Nitrogen

d)

Oxygen

115.

Monosaccharides are monomers of

a)

Lipids

b)

Nucleic Acids

c)

Proteins

d)

Carbohydrates

116.

This is an example of what macromolecule?

a)

Lipids

b)

Nucleic Acid

c)

Carbohydrate

d)

Lipid

117.

The main function of a carbohydrate is

a)

long term energy storage

b)

stores genetic information

c)

short term energy storage

d)

regulates and controls all body proccesses

118.

Part of a phospholipid molecule can mix with water, but the other part cannot. This means the molecule is

a)

hydrophobic

b)

hydrophilic

c)

amphipathic

d)

ambidextrous

119.
How do lipids function for cells?
a)
store information
b)
store energy
c)
breakdown wastes
d)
join with substrates
120.
What are different examples of lipids?
a)
monosaccahrides, disaccharides, starch, cellulose
b)
dipetide, polypeptide, amino acids
c)
DNA, RNA, ATP
d)
triglycerides, waxes, steroids, phospholipds
121.
This molecule is a
a)
carbohydrate
b)
nucleic acid
c)
protein
d)
lipid
122.
Which macromolecule is this?
a)
carbohydrate
b)
lipid
c)
protein
d)
nucleic acid
123.
Saturated fats are __________ at room temperature.
a)
liquid
b)
gases
c)
plasma
d)
solid
124.

State four aspects of how the R g group of an amino acid vary from one another?

4 lines
125.

(a)   is the bond that links two adjacent amino acids in a polypeptide chain.

126.

When two amino acids combine through a condensation process, it will produce a (a)   .

127.

Which of the following pair of level of protein structure and its respective description is correct?

a)

Primary protein - Linear sequence of amino acids in a polypeptide chain.

b)

Secondary protein - The α helix and β pleated sheet of the polypeptide chain due to hydrogen bonds between the atoms of the polypeptide backbone.

c)

Tertiary structure - The overall shape of a polypeptide chain resulting from interactions between the side chains of the various amino acids.

d)

Quaternary structure - Association of two or more polypeptides

128.

Which of the following pair of protein's function and its example is correct?

a)

Enzymatic protein- Insulin

b)

Storage protein - Albumin

c)

Hormonal protein - Pepsin

d)

Transport protein - Keratin

e)

Motor protein - Myosin

129.

What are the building blocks of protein called?

a)

Lipids

b)

amino acids

c)

incomplete protein

d)

enzymes

130.
What is the monomer of a protein?
a)
amino acid
b)
monosaccharide
c)
fatty acid
d)
nucleic acid
131.

Which of the following describes the secondary structure of proteins?

a)

The sequence of amino acids

b)

The α-helix and β-pleated sheet folding

c)

The folding of the polypeptide chain due to the 'R' groups

d)

The joining of different protein molecules to make one big molecule

132.

The main bonding in the secondary structure of a protein is due to.....

a)

covalent bonding

b)

ionic bonding

c)

hydrogen bonding

d)

polar bonding

133.

The tertiary structure folding in proteins is primary due to the interactions of....

a)

the 'R' groups

b)

the 'P' groups

c)

the 'A' groups

d)

the 'S'

134.

What is it called when the unique 3-D shape of a protein has been disrupted or 'unravelled'?

a)

Denaturation

b)

Deproteination

c)

Decoupling

d)

Depeptidasing

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