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WorksheetsFinal Exam Lecture
Total questions: 112
Worksheet time: 56mins
Mitochondria
contain digestive enzymes called acid hydrolyses
are single-membrane structures involved in the breakdown of ATP
are responsible for producing most of the ATP for the cell
synthesize proteins for use outside the cell
A structure that is composed of two or more tissue types that work together to perform specific functions for the body is a(n) ________.
organ system
complex tissue
complex cell
organ
Which of the following describes the plasma membrane?
a double layer of protein enclosing the plasma
a single-layered membrane that surrounds the nucleus of the cell
a phospholipid bilayer surrounding the cell
a membrane composed of tiny shelves or cristae
Which of the following is NOT a component of the plasma membrane?
messenger RNA
phospholipids
glycoproteins
glycolipids
The main component of the cytosol is ________.
proteins
salts
water
sugars
In a tissue type that undergoes a relatively great deal of mechanical stress, like the tissue that lines the intestine, you would expect to see an abundance of ________ between the individual cells of the tissue.
desmosomes
tight junctions
gap junctions
connexons
Generally what is the result of the negative feedback process?
to regulate excretion via the kidneys
to control body movement
to keep the body's blood sugar level high
to maintain homeostasis
Which of the following are incorrectly matched?
Physiology: study of the structures in a particular region.
Microscopic anatomy: study of structures too small to be seen by the naked eye.
Gross anatomy: study of structures visible to the eye.
Developmental: study of the changes in an individual from conception to birth.
An unknown atom has a total of 10 electrons. Following the octet rule, which of the following represent the correct electron distribution among its energy levels?
8,8
2
2,2,6
2,8
Atom X has 17 protons. What is its atomic number?
17
10
3
5
The dorsal body cavity is the site of which of the following?
intestines
lungs
brain
liver
In which stage of mitosis do the identical sets of chromosomes uncoil and resume their chromatin form?
metaphase
prophase
telophase
anaphase
Which of the following describes a parasagittal plane?
a transverse cut just above the knees
any cut dividing the body into anterior and posterior portions
any sagittal plane except in the midline
two cuts dividing the body into left and right halves
Expiration (breathing out) is how the body removes excessive carbon dioxide from the blood. This is an example of ________.
metabolism
responsiveness
excretion of metabolic waste
maintaining boundaries
If cells are placed in a hypertonic solution what could happen?
The cells will shrink and shrivel
The cell will swell
The cell will burst
The cell will remain in homeostasis
What is a vertical section through the body, dividing it into left and right, called?
sagittal
transverse
regional
frontal
The shape of the external ear is maintained by ________.
elastic cartilage
hyaline carttilae
adipose tissue
fibrocartilage
The reason that intervertebral discs exhibit a large amount of tensile strength, which allows them to absorb shock, is because they possess ________.
elastic fibers
collagen fibers
reticular fibers
hydroxyapatite crystals
Sudoriferous (sweat) glands are categorized as two distinct types. Which of the following are the two types of sweat glands?
sebaceous and merocrine
eccrine and apocrine
mammary and ceruminous
holocrine and mammary
What are the most important factors influencing hair growth?
nutrition and hormones
age and glandular products
the size and number of hair follicles
sex and hormones
Which tissue in the wall of the uterus is required for labor contractions?
smooth muscle
elastic cartilage
stratified squamous
skeletal muscle
Which of the following epithelia forms the walls of the air sacs across which gas exchange occurs in the lungs?
pseudostratified columnar
simple squamous
simple columnar
simple cuboidal
What tissue has lacunae, calcium salts, and blood vessels?
bone (osseous tissue)
cartilage tissue
fibrocartilaginous tissue
areolar tissue
Which layer of the epidermis will be supplied with the highest levels of oxygen from the blood?
stratum granulosum
stratum corneum
stratum basale
stratum spinosum
Groups of cells that are similar in structure and perform a common or related function form a(n) ________.
organ system
tissue
organism
organ
The function of the root hair plexus is to ________.
allow the hair to assist in touch sensation
cause apocrine gland secretion into the hair follicle
serve as a source for new epidermal cells for hair growth after the resting stage has passed
bind the hair root to the dermis
The composition of the secretions of the eccrine glands is ________.
primarily uric acid
metabolic wastes
99% water, sodium chloride, trace amounts of wastes, and vitamin C
fatty substances, proteins, antibodies, and trace amounts of minerals and vitamins
The arrector pili muscle's predominate, useful function in humans is to ________.
lower body temperature during high levels of heat exposure
assisting in the release sebum from nearby sebaceous glands
stimulating faster hair growth
preventing germs from entering the hair shaft
Connective tissue extracellular matrix is composed of ________.
cells and electrolytes
cells and fibers
fibers and ground substance
ground substance and cells
How is hyaline cartilage different from elastic cartilage or fibrocartilage?
It is found in the external ear
It makes up the trachea and larynx
It is found in the epiglottis
It is found in between the vertebrae of the spine
What is moving a limb away from the midline of the body along the frontal plane called?
flexion
extension
adduction
abduction
The process of bones increasing in thickness is known as ________.
epiphyseal plate closure
appositional growth
concentric growth
closing of the epiphyseal plate
Prevention of osteoporosis includes adequate intake of ________.
vitamin D and chloride
calcium, and vitamin E
potassium and vitamin D
calcium and vitamin D
In the anatomical position, the lateral forearm bone is the radius.
true
false
The cell responsible for secreting the matrix of bone is the ________.
chondrocyte
osteoblast
osteocyte
osteoclast
The fibula is the major weight-bearing bone of the leg.
true
false
Bones are constantly undergoing resorption (breaking bone down) for various reasons. Which of the following cells accomplishes this process?
osteoblast
osteocyte
stem cell
osteoclast
Lordosis affects the thoracic vertebrae.
true
false
Bending your head back until it hurts is an example of ________.
extension
hyperextension
flexion
circumduction
What is the structural unit of compact bone?
spongy bone
lamellar bone
osseous matrix
the osteon
The structural unit of compact bone (osteon) resembles the growth rings of a tree trunk.
true
false
Muscle tone is ________.
the condition of athletes after intensive training
the feeling of well-being following exercise
the ability of a muscle to efficiently cause skeletal movements
a state of sustained partial contraction
Although all skeletal muscles have different shapes, the fascicle arrangement of each muscle is exactly the same.
True
False
A muscle that opposes, or reverses, a particular movement is a(n) ________.
synergist
fixator
agonist (prime mover)
antagonist
The quadriceps femoris is composed of three "vastus" muscles and the ________.
biceps femoris
rectus femoris
semitendinosus
semimembranosus
Romboid major and minor
C
D
B
A
What is the role of tropomyosin in skeletal muscles?
Tropomyosin is the receptor for the motor neuron neurotransmitter.
Tropomyosin binds to calcium ions.
Tropomyosin serves as a contraction inhibitor by blocking the myosin binding sites on the actin molecules.
Tropomyosin is the chemical that activates the myosin heads.
Which of these is NOT a method used in naming muscles?
the type of action they cause
muscle location
muscle shape
the type of muscle fibers
Elbow joint
c
b
a
I band.
D
C
A
B
A BAND
D
C
A
B
The major head flexors are the sternocleidomastoid muscles, with the help of the muscles attached to the hyoid bone.
true
false
A contraction in which the muscle length does not change but its tension increases is called isometric contraction.
true
false
First-class lever
C
B
A
The sternocleidomastoid muscle inserts on the ________.
sternum
mastoid process of the temporal bone
clavicle
platysma
Which muscle cells have the greatest ability to regenerate?
smooth
skeletal
cardiac
no muscle can regenerate
Both first- and second-class levers operate at a mechanical disadvantage.
true
false
REM sleep is associated with ________.
temporary skeletal muscle inhibition except for ocular muscles and diaphragm
decreased vital signs, such as heart rate and blood pressure
decreased activity of the brain, especially the cerebral cortex
decreased oxygen use, especially in the cerebral cortex
Which of the following is not characteristic of neurons?
They are mitotic
They have extreme longevity.
They conduct impulses
They have an exceptionally high metabolic rate.
Collections of nerve cell bodies outside the central nervous system are called ________.
tracts
nuclei
ganglia
nerves
Which of the following nerves does not arise from the brachial plexus?
phrenic
radial
median
ulnar
Nuclei of cranial nerves V, VI, and VII are found in the ________.
medulla
pons
cerebrum
midbrain
The vital centers for the control of heart rate, respiration, and blood pressure are located in the ________.
medulla
pons
cerebrum
midbrain
The oligodendrocytes can myelinate several axons.
true
false
Spinocerebellar tracts ________.
are found in the dorsal columns of the spinal cord
give rise to conscious experience of perception
terminate in the spinal cord
carry proprioceptive inputs to the cerebellum
A shallow groove on the surface of the cortex is called a ________.
fissure
furrow
sulcus
gyrus
The substance released at axon terminals to propagate a nervous impulse is called a(n) ________.
ion
biogenic amine
cholinesterase
neurotransmitter
The brain area that regulates activities that control the state of wakefulness or alertness of the cerebral cortex is the ________.
pyramids
limbic system
thalamus
reticular formation
Nuclei relating to the startle reflex are located in the corpora quadrigemina of the midbrain.
true
false
A flat EEG is a good indication of deep sleep
true
false
A stimulus traveling toward a synapse appears to open calcium ion channels at the presynaptic end, which in turn promotes fusion of synaptic vesicles to the axonal membrane.
true
false
What is a vertical section through the body, dividing it into anterior and posterior regions called?
frontal
sagittal
median
transverse
Mitosis ________.
is nuclear division
is the formation of sex cells
is division of the cytoplasm of the cell
creates diversity in genetic potential
In which stage of mitosis do the identical sets of chromosomes uncoil and resume their chromatin form?
metaphase
prophase
telophase
anaphase
Salts are always ________.
hydrogen bonded
single covalent compounds
ionic compounds
double covalent compounds
Which of the following is NOT a component of the plasma membrane?
phospholipids
glycoproteins
messenger RNA
glycolipids
Carbohydrates are stored in the liver and skeletal muscles in the form of ________.
cholesterol
triglycerides
protein
glycogen
If cells are placed in a hypertonic solution what could happen?
The cell will remain in homeostasis
The cell will burst
The cells will shrink and shrivel
The cell will swell
The composition of the secretions of the eccrine glands is ________.
99% water, sodium chloride, trace amounts of wastes, and vitamin C
metabolic wastes
primarily uric acid
fatty substances, proteins, antibodies, and trace amounts of minerals and vitamins
Which of the following epithelia forms the walls of the air sacs across which gas exchange occurs in the lungs?
simple columnar
simple cuboidal
pseudostratified columnar
simple squamous
The function of the root hair plexus is to ________.
cause apocrine gland secretion into the hair follicle
allow the hair to assist in touch sensation
serve as a source for new epidermal cells for hair growth after the resting stage has passed
bind the hair root to the dermis
A ciliated version of pseudostratified columnar epithelium containing mucus-secreting goblet cells ________.
aids in digestion
is more durable than all other epithelia
is found in some of the larger glands
lines most of the respiratory tract
Epithelial tissues always exhibit polarity; that is, they have a free surface and a basal surface.
true
false
Simple cuboidal epithelia are usually found in areas where secretion and absorption occur.
true
false
Goblet cells are found within pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium.
true
false
Choose which tissue would line the uterine (fallopian) tubes and function as a "conveyer belt" to help move a fertilized egg towards the uterus.
stratified squamous epithelium
simple cuboidal epithelium
smooth muscle
ciliated simple columnar epithelium
William has a cut that is superficial, painful but not bleeding. Based on this information you would predict that the cut has penetrated to ________.
the stratum corneum but not the stratum granulosum
the papillary layer but not the reticular layer
the stratum basale but not the dermal layers
the subcutaneous layer, but no deeper
Tendons and ligaments are composed mainly of dense irregular connective tissue.
true
false
All vertebrae possess a body, a spine, and transverse foramina.
true
false
The dens articulates with the occipital bone.
true
false
The central (Haversian) canal that runs through the core of each osteon is the site of ________.
blood vessels and nerve fibers
cartilage and interstitial lamellae
yellow marrow and spicules
adipose tissue and nerve fibers
Spongy bone contains ________.
osteons
lamellar bone
trabeculae
osseous lamellae
The pituitary gland is housed in a saddle-like depression in the temporal bone called the sella turcica.
true
false
The periosteum is a tissue that serves only to protect the bone because it is not supplied with nerves or blood vessels.
true
false
Each consecutive bone lamella has collagen fibers that wrap in alternating directions.
true
false
In the anatomical position, the lateral forearm bone is the radius.
true
false
The pubic symphysis connects the two hip bones anteriorly and provides a little movement during childbirth. Choose the most appropriate tissue for this structure that is subjected to both pressure and stretch.
hyaline cartilage
fibrocartilage
elastic cartilage
bone
Ossification (Osteogenesis) is the process of ________.
bone destruction to liberate calcium
bone formation
making collagen fibers for calcified cartilage
making a cartilage model of the fetal bone
First-class lever
C
A
B
Once a motor neuron has fired, all the muscle fibers in a muscle contract.
True
False
When a muscle is unable to respond to stimuli temporarily, it is in which of the following periods?
refractory period
relaxation period
fatigue period
latent period
The contractile units of skeletal muscles are ________.
T tubules
microtubules
myofibrils
mitochondria
The force of muscle contraction is controlled by multiple motor unit summation or recruitment.
true
false
After nervous stimulation stops, what prevents ACh in the synaptic cleft from continuing to stimulate contraction?
the tropomyosin blocking the myosin once full contraction is achieved
the action potential stops going down the overloaded T tubules
acetylcholinesterase breaks apart the ACh
calcium ions returning to the terminal cisternae
In what way does the interior surface of a cell membrane of a resting (nonconducting) neuron differ from the external environment? The interior is ________.
positively charged and contains more sodium
negatively charged and contains less sodium
negatively charged and contains more sodium
positively charged and contains less sodium
The substance released at axon terminals to propagate a nervous impulse is called a(n) ________.
ion
cholinesterase
neurotransmitter
biogenic amine
Which of the choices below describes the ANS?
motor fibers that conduct nerve impulses from the CNS to smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, and glands
sensory and motor neurons that supply the digestive tract
sensory neurons that convey information from somatic receptors in the head, body wall, and limbs and from receptors from the special senses of vision, hearing, taste, and smell to the CNS
motor fibers that conduct nerve impulses from the CNS to skeletal muscles
An individual accidentally transected the spinal cord between T12 and L1. This would result in ________.
quadriplegia
hemiplegia
spinal shock only
paraplegia
The primary auditory cortex is located in the ________.
prefrontal lobe
parietal lobe
frontal lobe
temporal lobe
During depolarization, the inside of the neuron's membrane becomes less negative
True
False
Strong stimuli cause the amplitude of action potentials generated to increase
True
False
Which of these would you not find in the cerebral cortex?
unmyelinated axons
cell bodies
fiber tracts
dendrites
