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Worksheets21/22 First Semester Final
Total questions: 87
Worksheet time: 45mins
The energy from the sun that reaches Earth is the result of which of the following processes, repeated many times in the core of the sun?
The nuclei of two atoms are combined to form a single atom with a larger nucleus.
Helium atoms are rearranged to form Hydrogen atoms.
Compounds are broken down into smaller, less complex substances.
An atomic nucleus spontaneously splits into two separate atoms with less mass.
What element is considered the Sun’s Fuel during the Main Sequence Stage of the Star's Life Cycle?
Hydrogen
Helium
UV Radiation
Both Hydrogen and Helium
Identify the reactant(s) of nuclear fusion in the main sequence stage of the medium mass star
Hydrogen
Helium
Gamma Rays
Identify the product(s) of nuclear fusion in the main sequence stage of the medium mass star
Hydrogen
Helium
Gamma Rays
Which of the following best describes the transfer of energy from the sun to Earth?
Gamma Rays carry particles of matter from one location to another.
Hydrogen atoms from the core of the sun go through nuclear fusion, causing them to explode towards Earth
Electromagnetic waves, which include photons we see as sunlight (visible light), heat (infrared) and UV radiation, travel from the Sun to Earth
Energy originates in the Earth and travels towards the Sun
Nuclear Fusion
The explosion of a star
A chemical process that happens only in high mass stars like our Sun
All space and matter that exist
Two smaller atomic nuclei are forced together under a massive amount of heat and pressure
What stage of the Star Cycle is A in the image shown?
Red Supergiant
Main Sequence Stage
Neutron Star
Stellar Nebula
Black Hole
What stage of the Star Cycle is B in the image shown?
Red Supergiant
Main Sequence Stage
Neutron Star
Stellar Nebula
Black Hole
What stage of the Star Cycle is C in the image shown?
Red Supergiant
Main Sequence Stage
Neutron Star
Stellar Nebula
Black Hole
What stage of the Star Cycle is D in the image shown?
Red Supergiant
Supernova
Neutron Star
Stellar Nebula
Black Hole
What stage of the Star Cycle is E in the image shown?
Red Supergiant
Supernova
Neutron Star
Stellar Nebula
Black Hole
What stage of the Star Cycle is F in the image shown?
Red Supergiant
Supernova
Neutron Star
Stellar Nebula
Black Hole
Is the life cycle pictured that of a Low-Medium mass star or a Massive star?
Low-Medium Mass Star
High Mass Star
What determines which life cycle the star will take?
The size of the Red Super Giant
The initial mass of the star
How big the Planetary Nebula is
The star chooses
Examine the graph to describe what patterns that you observe
Higher mass stars have longer lifespans than lower mass stars
Higher mass stars have shorter lifespans than lower mass stars
Describe how the relative proportions of Hydrogen, helium and carbon changes as the sun ages by identifying the stage of the star cycle is being shown in the graph
Stellar Nebula
Red Giant
Main Sequence Stage
White Dwarf
Describe how the relative proportions of Hydrogen, helium and carbon changes as the sun ages by identifying the stage of the star cycle is being shown in the graph
Stellar Nebula
Red Giant
Main Sequence Stage
White Dwarf
Describe how the relative proportions of Hydrogen, helium and carbon changes as the sun ages by identifying the stage of the star cycle is being shown in the graph
Stellar Nebula
Red Giant
Main Sequence Stage
White Dwarf
Describe how the relative proportions of Hydrogen, helium and carbon changes as the sun ages by identifying the stage of the star cycle is being shown in the graph
Stellar Nebula
Red Giant
Main Sequence Stage
White Dwarf
Is it possible to generate the amount of energy radiated to Earth from the Sun using the chemical processes that occur on Earth?
Yes
No
Using the image, explain why it isn't possible to generate the amount of energy radiated to Earth from the Sun using the chemical processes that occur on Earth by describing the differences in the quantity of energy produced by nuclear processes in the Sun verses the quantity of energy produced by chemical processes on Earth.
There is more chemical energy shown in the image above, showing that it is possible to generate the amount of energy radiated to Earth from the Sun using the chemical processes that occur on Earth
There is less fusion fuel available than chemical fuel, showing that it is possible to generate the amount of energy radiated to Earth from the Sun using the chemical processes that occur on Earth
A smaller amount of Fusion fuel is needed to produce the same amount of energy as large amounts of chemical processes, showing that it is impossible to generate the amount of energy radiated to Earth from the Sun using the chemical processes that occur on Earth
There is more chemical energy coming from the sun, showing that it is impossible to generate the amount of energy radiated to Earth from the Sun using the chemical processes that occur on Earth
What are the 3 types of energy that travel to Earth from our Sun?
Gamma Rays
Heat Waves (infrared)
Light Waves (photons)
UV Radiation
Microwaves
What is the first step that describes the transfer of energy from the Sun to the Earth?
In the Convection Zone, Photons (light energy) transform into infrared (heat energy)
Energy from the Sun radiates towards the Earth as heat, light and UV Radiation
Nuclear Fusion in the core of the sun releases energy in the form of Gamma Rays
In the Radiative Zone, Gamma Rays transform into Photons (light energy)
In the Photosphere, infrared (heat energy) either transforms into Ultraviolet (UV) Radiation, visible light or remains as infrared.
What is the 2nd step that describes the transfer of energy from the Sun to the Earth?
In the Convection Zone, Photons (light energy) transform into infrared (heat energy)
Energy from the Sun radiates towards the Earth as heat, light and UV Radiation
Nuclear Fusion in the core of the sun releases energy in the form of Gamma Rays
In the Radiative Zone, Gamma Rays transform into Photons (light energy)
In the Photosphere, infrared (heat energy) either transforms into Ultraviolet (UV) Radiation, visible light or remains as infrared.
What is the 3rd step that describes the transfer of energy from the Sun to the Earth?
In the Convection Zone, Photons (light energy) transform into infrared (heat energy)
Energy from the Sun radiates towards the Earth as heat, light and UV Radiation
Nuclear Fusion in the core of the sun releases energy in the form of Gamma Rays
In the Radiative Zone, Gamma Rays transform into Photons (light energy)
In the Photosphere, infrared (heat energy) either transforms into Ultraviolet (UV) Radiation, visible light or remains as infrared.
What is the 4th step that describes the transfer of energy from the Sun to the Earth?
In the Convection Zone, Photons (light energy) transform into infrared (heat energy)
Energy from the Sun radiates towards the Earth as heat, light and UV Radiation
Nuclear Fusion in the core of the sun releases energy in the form of Gamma Rays
In the Radiative Zone, Gamma Rays transform into Photons (light energy)
In the Photosphere, infrared (heat energy) either transforms into Ultraviolet (UV) Radiation, visible light or remains as infrared.
What is the FINAL step that describes the transfer of energy from the Sun to the Earth?
In the Convection Zone, Photons (light energy) transform into infrared (heat energy)
Energy from the Sun radiates towards the Earth as heat, light and UV Radiation
Nuclear Fusion in the core of the sun releases energy in the form of Gamma Rays
In the Radiative Zone, Gamma Rays transform into Photons (light energy)
In the Photosphere, infrared (heat energy) either transforms into Ultraviolet (UV) Radiation, visible light or remains as infrared.
What stage of the Star Cycle is A in the image shown?
White Dwarf
Red Giant
Planetary Nebula
Stellar Nebula
Main Sequence Stage
What stage of the Star Cycle is B in the image shown?
White Dwarf
Red Giant
Planetary Nebula
Stellar Nebula
Main Sequence Stage
What stage of the Star Cycle is C in the image shown?
White Dwarf
Red Giant
Planetary Nebula
Stellar Nebula
Main Sequence Stage
What stage of the Star Cycle is D in the image shown?
White Dwarf
Red Giant
Planetary Nebula
Stellar Nebula
Main Sequence Stage
What stage of the Star Cycle is E in the image shown?
White Dwarf
Red Giant
Planetary Nebula
Stellar Nebula
Main Sequence Stage
Is the life cycle pictured that of a Low-Medium mass star or a Massive star?
Low-Medium Mass Star
High Mass Star
Evidence: Which 3 stages of the Star Life Cycle are ONLY present in a medium mass star?
Stellar Nebula
Main Sequence Star
Red Giant
Planetary Nebula
White Dwarf
How long is our Sun's life span predicted to be in total?
1 Billion Years
4.6 Billion Years
10 Billion Years
100 Billion Years
A galaxy moving away from us has a redshift because wavelengths have ________
Expanded (gotten bigger)
Compressed (gotten smaller)
not changed in size/length
Hubble discovered that galaxies further away from us us are moving at a _______ speed because the universe is expanding.
Faster
Slower
An astronomer records the spectra from 2 stars in 2 different galaxies. Which star is probably farthest away? *Note, compare each star to the laboratory*
Galaxy A
Galaxy B
Cannot Determine
Cosmic microwave background radiation is the term used for the microwave radiation observed everywhere in the universe. The existence of this radiation is used as evidence to support the Big Bang Theory because, in our current understanding, this microwave radiation is –
energy (heat) left over from the rapid expansion of matter is evenly distributed throughout the Universe
the result of high speed collisions of atoms.
an indication that the universe is getting hotter.
proof that the size of the universe is decreasing.
Examine the graph below. Which of the following observations about hydrogen and helium provides the best evidence to support the big bang theory?
One atom of helium has twice the atomic mass of one atom of hydrogen.
Hydrogen and helium are only found in the form of a gas in the universe.
The composition of gases in stars and in the universe is 75% hydrogen and 25% helium.
Within the cores of stars, atoms of helium are fused into atoms of hydrogen.
Nuclear fusion within massive stars fuses smaller atoms to create atoms of heavier elements. According to the image below, which element has the greatest mass?
Hydrogen
Helium
Carbon
Iron
Elements heavier than hydrogen and helium are formed through the process of nuclear fusion which takes place–
when a larger star becomes a white dwarf.
around the edges of a black hole.
every time a new star forms.
during a Red Super Giant/Red Giant stage.
Examine the trend of Main Sequence Stars on the HR Diagram. What COLOR stars are the least luminous (bright)?
Red Stars
Orange Stars
Yellow Stars
Blue Stars
Examine the trend of Main Sequence Stars on the HR Diagram. What SIZE stars are the hottest in temperature?
Big Stars
Medium Stars
Small Stars
All stars are the same temperature
How are protogalaxies evidence of the Big Bang Theory?
Protogalaxies are the oldest objects in the visible universe.
The greatest redshifted objects are protogalaxies that have a redshift of nearly 1 (0.99997).
They can be used to calculate the minimum age of the universe, since light can take billions of years to reach us.
All of the above
We know the universe began with hydrogen and helium and that throughout the lifespan of stars more elements were created, but where did these heavy elements go?
There were too heavy elements created so they were destroyed during the Big Bang explosion
They stayed in the star until the star became a white dwarf or a black hole
They moved to the core of the star where they remained permanently (forever)
They were expelled from the star and into space during supernova explosions
They went to form new stars during the stellar nebula stage
As part of the modern theory of the origins of the elements, it is hypothesized that before the formation of the stars, most of the matter in the universe consisted of what atoms? *hint: the first atoms that were able to form*
helium
hydrogen
carbon
beryllium
gamma rays
Analyze the graph to describe the trend
Galaxies that experience greater redshift move faster (higher velocity)
Galaxies that experience greater redshift move slower (lower velocity)
Redshift has nothing to do with the speed of galaxy movement
Galaxies that experience less redshift move faster (higher velocity)
From the choices below, choose the THREE statements that BEST support the Big Bang Theory.
Blueshift of light in distant galaxies shows that the universe is expanding
Redshift of light in distant galaxies shows that the universe is expanding
The composition of elements found in the stars furthest is mostly Hydrogen.
The existence of a wide variety of elements in the universe shows that the universe is very old
The existence of cosmic background microwave radiation
What is the temperature of STAR A in Kelvin?
10,000 K
6,100K
4K
-8K
What is STAR A's Absolute Magnitude?
-8
4
Spectral Class A-B
Cannot be determined
What is most likely the color of a star that has a temperature of 10,000K?
Dark Blue or Light Blue
White
Light Yellow or Yellow
Orange
Red
What stage of the life cycle is STAR A most likely in?
Stellar Nebula
Main Sequence Star
Red Giant or Red Supergiant
Planetary Nebula or Supernova
White Dwarf
What was the initial mass of the star most likely to be?
Not enough information
High mass star
Low-Medium mass star
The following graphs show the composition of several stars. Assuming the Mystery Star is in the Red Supergiant stage of the star's life cycle, which graph most accurately shows it's composition.
As distance decreases, gravitational force ________.
Increases
Decreases
Stays the Same
As distance increases, gravitational force _________
Increases
Decreases
Stays the Same
Analyze the following graph to describe the trend. As mass increases gravitational force ________
Increases
Decreases
Stays the Same
Please match the law with the meaning: Kepler's 1st Law - All planets orbit the sun in a path that resembles an ellipse, with the sun at 1 foci.
All planets orbit around the sun in an ellipse (oval) shape with the sun off center
An individual planet moves faster on its orbit when it is closer to the sun and slower when it is further from the Sun
When comparing all planets in a solar system, the planets whose orbits are closest to the sun move faster than the planets whose orbits are further from the sun.
A law that states that every object in the universe attracts every other object, and the force is affected by mass and distance
Please match the law with the meaning: Kepler's 2nd Law - An imaginary line joining the planet and the sun sweeps out an equal area of space in equal amounts of time. *Also known as the law of equal areas*
All planets orbit around the sun in an ellipse (oval) shape with the sun off center
An individual planet moves faster on its orbit when it is closer to the sun and slower when it is further from the Sun
When comparing all planets in a solar system, the planets whose orbits are closest to the sun move faster than the planets whose orbits are further from the sun.
A law that states that every object in the universe attracts every other object, and the force is affected by mass and distance
Please match the law with the meaning: Kepler's 3rd Law - The square of a planet's orbital period is proportional to the cube of the length of the semi-major axis of its orbit.
All planets orbit around the sun in an ellipse (oval) shape with the sun off center
An individual planet moves faster on its orbit when it is closer to the sun and slower when it is further from the Sun
When comparing all planets in a solar system, the planets whose orbits are closest to the sun move faster than the planets whose orbits are further from the sun.
A law that states that every object in the universe attracts every other object, and the force is affected by mass and distance
Please match the law with the meaning: Newton's Law of Universal Gravitation
All planets orbit around the sun in an ellipse (oval) shape with the sun off center
An individual planet moves faster on its orbit when it is closer to the sun and slower when it is further from the Sun
When comparing all planets in a solar system, the planets whose orbits are closest to the sun move faster than the planets whose orbits are further from the sun.
A law that states that every object in the universe attracts every other object, and the force is affected by mass and distance
In the image, what is A?
Aphelion
Focus
Perihelion
Elliptical
In the image, what is B?
Aphelion
Focus
Perihelion
Elliptical
In the image, what is C?
Aphelion
Focus
Perihelion
Elliptical
In the image, what is the path of the Planet along its orbit?
Aphelion
Focus
Perihelion
Elliptical
Please describe what happens to gravitational force as you increase mass
Force Increases
Force Decreases
Force does not change
Please describe what happens to gravitational force as you decrease mass
Force Increases
Force Decreases
Force does not change
Please describe what happens to gravitational force as you decrease distance
Force Increases
Force Decreases
Force does not change
Examine the image to describe what variable was manipulated and how
Mass Increased
Mass Decreased
Distance Increased
Distance decreased
Please describe what happens to gravitational force as you increase distance
Force Increases
Force Decreases
Force does not change
Examine the image to describe what happened to the force
Force Increased
Force Decreased
Force did not change
When Kepler compared the cube of the mean orbital radius to the square of the period, what did he discover which led him to discover his 3rd law?
R3 is always double the size of T2
R3 is always bigger than T2
R3 is always smaller than T2
R3 and T2 are nearly identical
What location on the elliptical orbit does a planet move fastest?
Perihelion
Aphelion
Semi-major axis
Minor Axis
How does the period change as the orbital radius increases?
The period does not change as the orbital radius increases
The period decreases as the orbital radius increases
The period increases as the orbital radius increases
There is no relationship between the period and the orbital radius
Which of the following does NOT affect the gravitational force between the earth and the sun? (Meaning if this value changed, the Earth would still follow its normal path of orbit around the sun)
The distance between the earth and the sun
The mass of the earth
The mass of the sun
Jupiter has about 317 times more mass than Earth. What can you conclude (figure out) from this fact?
That Jupiter’s gravitational force is much weaker than on Earth’s gravitational force
That Jupiter’s gravitational force is much stronger than Earth’s gravitational force
That Jupiter’s and Earth’s gravitational forces are equal
Mass has no effect on the gravitational force between two objects
What shape has an eccentricity of zero?
a straight line
a large ellipse
a perfect circle
a small ellipse
Planets orbit the Sun in a shape called a(n)
circle
ellipse
aphelion
perihelion
A planet moves __________ when it is farthest from the sun
faster
slower
neither, the planet moves the same speed regardless of its distance from the sun
Which gravitational force is the strongest?
9.31 x 109N
8.24 x 10-12N
2.57 x 10-6N
4.51 x 10-6N
9.31 x 104N
Which gravitational force is the weakest?
9.31 x 109N
8.24 x 10-12N
2.57 x 10-6N
4.51 x 10-6N
9.31 x 104N
What is the term used to describe how far the planet is from its sun (1Au ~ 150,000,000Km)
Period
Mean Orbital Radius
Minor Axis
Eccentricity
The term used to describe how much time it takes the planet to orbit its sun
Period
Mean Orbital Radius
Minor Axis
Eccentricity
Describe the calculation for the eccentricity of an ellipse.
The closer together the foci, the greater (more flat) the eccentricity will be
The farther apart the foci, the greater (more flat) the eccentricity will be.
The farther apart the foci, the smaller (more circular) the eccentricity will be.
The square of the orbital period divided by the cube of the orbital radius determines the eccentricity of an ellipse
Ellipse A has a more _______ shape because it has a ________ eccentricity
circular, higher
elliptical, lower
circular, lower
elliptical, higher
Which color ellipse is most likely Ellipse A if its eccentricity is 0.217?
Red
Orange
Yellow
Green
Blue
