There are several cases of children from boarding school suffering from sore throat. Microscopy of tonsil smears stained according to Neisser method has revealed thin yellow bacilli with dark brown grains on their ends situated in the shape of the Roman numeral five (жовті паличковидні бактерії з темно-коричневими гранулами на кінцях. розташування під кутом - римська 5). What infection can be suspected in this case?

In a maternity hospital a newborn should receive vaccination against tuberculosis. What vaccine should be chosen? 

A patient had been provisionally diagnosed with syphilis (сифіліс). A laboratory assistant took the blood serum for an immunologic test based on the detection of antibodies preventing the movement of treponemes (антитіла, що знерухомлюють трепонем) and causing their death. What reaction was used to make the diagnosis? 

The contents of vesicles (везикула- пухирець) that appeared on the mucous membrane (на слизовій оболонці) of a patient with variola (натуральна віспа) has been sent to a virological laboratory. Which of the listed changes were revealed during the smear microscopy?

An ophthalmologist suspects blennorrhea (gonococcal conjunctivitis) in a child with signs of suppurative keratoconjunctivitis. What laboratory di-agnostics should be conducted to confirm the diagnosis?

Analysis of sputum taken from a pati-ent with suspected pneumonia revealed sli-ghtly elongated gram-positive diplococci with tapered opposite ends(дещо подовжені Гр+ диплококи). What mi-croorganisms were revealed in the sputum?

In a closed community it is necessary to determine community members immuni-ty to diphtheria and verify the need for their vaccination. What investigation is necessary in this case?

A patient developed burning sensation in the oral cavity and white fuzzy coating on the tongue. Oral thrush is diagnosed. What drug of those listed below should be used?

Often the cause of secondary immunodeficiency is an infectious affecti-on of an organism, when agents reproduce directly in the cells of immune system and destroy them. Specify the diseases, during which the described above occurs:

A bacteriological laboratory received asampleofdriedfish from an outbreak of food poisoning. Inoculation of the sample on Kitt-Tarozzi medium revealed microorganisms resembling tennis racket. These microorganisms are causative agents of the following disease:

A patient is registered for regular check-ups. Laboratory analyses for viral hepatitis diagnostics are made. In the blood serum only (тільки) antibodies toHbsAg (антитіла до s-антигену гепатиту В) are detected. Such result is indicative of:

After long-term antibiotic treatment (після тривалого лікування антибіотиками) a patient has developed whitish spots on the oral mucosa. Gram-positive oval budding cells (грампозитивні овальні клітини які брунькуються) were detected in the smear preparations. What causative agents were detected?

When examining a patient with a suspicion of food toxicoinfection, a doctor on duty has detected symptoms characteristic of botulism. The patient named the meals he had eaten the day before. What is the most probable cause of infection?

A patient consulted an immunologist about diarrhea, weight loss within several months, low-grade fever, enlarged lymph nodes. The doctor suspected HIV infecti- on (ВІЛ). What immunocompetent cells must be studied in the first place?

Pyrogenal administered to a rabbit, in the course of an experiment, resulted in increase of its body temperature (підвищення температури тіла). What substance of those named below acts as a secondary pyrogen that is a part of fever-inducing mechanism?

Diphtheria exotoxin had been treated with 0,3-0,4 % formalin and kept in a thermostat for 30 days at a temperature of 40oC. What preparation was obtained as a result of these manipulations?

A dentist has detected symptoms of parodontosis in a patient. What antiprotozoal drug should be prescribed?

A 47-year-old male patient consulted a dentist about difficult mouth opening (lockjaw) (тризм). The patient has a history of a stab wound (колюча рана) of the lower extremity. What infection can be manifested by these symptoms?

Dentists have high risk of contracti-ng viral hepatitis type B in the course of their duties and therefore are subject to mandatory vaccination. What vaccine is used in such cases?

Differentiation of B-lymphocytes into plasma cells leads to synthesis of immunoglobulins that ensure specific immune response of the body. Differenti-ation of B-lymphocytes takes place in the following organ of immune system:

A 43 – year- old a cattle farm worker is brought to the surgeon with fever, malaise, and inflamed lesion on his hands and arms. He reports that about two weeks before his presentation at the hospital he noticed small, painless, pruritic papules that quickly enlarged and developed a central vesicle. The vesicles developed into erosion and left painless necrotic ulcers with black, depressed eschar (некротичні виразки із чорним струпом). Gram's staining of the ulcer reveals gram–positive spore-forming bacilli.(грам позитивні споро утворюючі бацили) Which of the following diseases is the most likely cause of these findings?

A 37 year-old male was admitted to a hospital complaining of abdominal pain, difficulty in swallowing and breathing, constipation and nausea. He developed respiratory failure and required endotracheal intubation and ventilation. Two days before the patient consumed dried salted fish(суха, солена риба) bought from an artisanal producer. Laboratory investigation for infectious pathogen was performed using Kitt-Tarozzi's method. Observation under a bright field microscopy revealed the presence of typical microorganisms with “tennis-racket” (тенісна ракетка) appearance. Which of the following is the most likely diagnosis?

A 6 year-old girl with diphtheria is administered an intravenous injection of diphtheria antitoxin (внутрішньовенна ін’єкція). 10 days after the initial administration of drug, she develops a pruritic rush, fever, and arthralgias. Which of the following is the most likely diagnosis?

A 58-year-old male patient visited his dentist with the chief complained of itching and burning sensation in his mouth. On intraoral examination, diffuse white patches (дифузний білий наліт)were seen on his tongue, right and left buccal mucosa, as well as on his hard palate and soft palatal region. The potassium hydroxide (KOH) preparation of the specimen revealed non-pigmented septate hyphae (не пігментовані септовані гіфи). Administration of which of the following is the most appropriate initial step in treatment of this patient?

In order to accurately identify etiology of peptic ulcer diseases, polymerase chain reaction (PCR) analysis was performed on gastric biopsy specimen taken from 47 year old patient. Eventually the test result was positive fore H. pillory. Which of the following was most likely detected in PCR(полімеразно-ланцюгова реакція) analysis?

A 10-year-old boy is brought to the physician by his parents because of fever, cough, and fatigue. He has been admitted to the hospital five times because of pneumonia. Attempts to induce immunity using the pneumococcal vaccine have failed. The first hospitalization was at the age of 12 months. Laboratory findings show marked reduction in all classes and subclasses of serum immunoglobulins (всі класи та підкласи сироваткових імуноглобулінів). Which of the following immune cells is most likely to be reduced in the peripheral blood of this patient?

A 6 year-old girl with diphtheria is administered an intravenous injection of diphtheria antitoxin (внутрішньовенна ін’єкція). 10 days after the initial administration of drug, she develops a pruritic rush, fever, and arthralgias. Which of the following is the most likely diagnosis?

A 37 year-old male was admitted to a hospital complaining of abdominal pain, difficulty in swallowing and breathing, constipation and nausea. He developed respiratory failure and required endotracheal intubation and ventilation. Two days before the patient consumed dried salted fish(суха, солена риба) bought from an artisanal producer. Laboratory investigation for infectious pathogen was performed using Kitt-Tarozzi's method. Observation under a bright field microscopy revealed the presence of typical microorganisms with “tennis-racket” (тенісна ракетка) appearance. Which of the following is the most likely diagnosis?

A 43 – year- old a cattle farm worker is brought to the surgeon with fever, malaise, and inflamed lesion on his hands and arms. He reports that about two weeks before his presentation at the hospital he noticed small, painless, pruritic papules that quickly enlarged and developed a central vesicle. The vesicles developed into erosion and left painless necrotic ulcers with black, depressed eschar (некротичні виразки із чорним струпом). Gram's staining of the ulcer reveals gram–positive spore- forming bacilli.(грам позитивні споро утворюючі бацили) Which of the following diseases is the most likely cause of these findings?

Differentiation of B-lymphocytes into plasma cells leads to synthesis of immunoglobulins that ensure specific immune response of the body. Differenti-ation of B-lymphocytes takes place in the following organ of immune system:

After the water supply system had been put into operation in a new residential area, the medical

officers of sanitary and epidemiological station measured total mi-crobial number in the water. Name the maximum permissible value of this indi-cator for potable water:

A patient complains of acute spastic abdominal pain, frequent urge to defecate, liquid bloody feces with mucus. Laboratory analysis of fecal smear revealed inconstant in shape organisms with erythrocytes. What is the most likely diagnosis?

Biological material taken from a patient contains several species of microorganisms (staphylococci and streptococci) that are causative agents of the patient’s disease. Name this type of infection:

A worker of a cattle farm consulted a surgeon about fever up to 40oC, headache, weakness. Objective examination of his back revealed hyperemia and a dark red infiltration up to 5 cm in diameter wi-th black bottom in its center, which was surrounded with pustules. What disease are these presentations typical of?

2 days after a hunter cut a ground squirrel’s body, he developed fever up to 39oC, his lymph nodes enlarged. Later he developed pneumonia with serohemorrhagic exudate that contained egg-shaped microorganisms with bipolar staining. What provisional diagnosis can be made in this case?

In 8 days after a surgery the patient developed tetanus. The surgeon suspects this condition to be caused by suture material contaminated by tetanus agent. The material is delivered to a bacteriologi-cal laboratory. What nutrient medium is required for primary inoculation of the suture material?

A 50-year-old patient has been referred for treatment of neck lymphadenitis. His individual penicillin sensitivity was tested (проведено тест на чутливість до пеніциліну). In 30 seconds full- body fever raised in the patient and his arterial blood pressure dropped to 0 mm Hg followed by cardiac arrest. Resuscitation was unsuccessful. Autopsy revealed acute venous hyperemia of viscera. Histological study revealed mast cells (tissue basocytes) degranulation in the skin (at the area of injections), myocardium and lungs. What kind of hypersensitivity reaction occurred in the patient?

Routine investigation of microbiological sanitary condition of air in a hospital (мікроб.санітарний контроль повітря лікарень) is performed once in 3 months. What microorganism is the sanitary indicator of air condition in an enclosed space?

When examining a patient presumptively diagnosed with food toxicoinfection, a doctor on duty has detected symptoms characteristic of botulism (ботулізм). The patient named the meals he ate the day before (пацієнт назвав їжу, яку вживав напередодні). What is the most probable cause of infection?

In order to prevent wound infection associated with surgical procedures a patient was given a synthetic anti-protozoan drug (синтетичний проти-протозойний препарат) with a high activity against Helicobacter pylori. Specify this drug:

A doctor examines a 17-year-old girl. The following is detected: The preliminary diagnosis is infectious mononucleosis (інфекційний мононуклеоз). What method of investigation allows to confirm this diagnosis at the disease onset?

Determining antibodies IgМ to Epstein-Barr virus (визначення IgМ до віруса Епштейн-Барр)

Microscopy of blood smear according to Giemsa method

Determining antibodies IgG to Epstein-Barr virus

Sabin-Feldman dye test

Determining the amount of C-reactive protein

A dentist has detected symptoms of parodontosis in a patient. What antiprotozoal drug should be prescribed?

After long-term antibiotic treatment (після тривалого лікування антибіотиками) a patient has developed whitish spots on the oral mucosa. Gram-positive oval budding cells (грампозитивні овальні клітини які брунькуються) were detected in the smear preparations. What causative agents were detected?

Carious cavities (каріозні порожнини) of a 29-year-old patient contain parasitic protozoaIt is established that they belong to the Sarcodina class. Specify these protozoa:

During inspection of dental tools for sterility in one case gram-positive cocci were detected. They were situated in clusters and yielded positive plasma coagulation reaction; the cocci were fermenting mannitol in anaerobic conditions and exhibiting lecithinase activity (позитивна р-ція плазмокоагуляції, ферментація маніту в анаеробних ум. Та позитивна лецитиназна активність). What microorganism was detected?

Analysis of sputum taken from a patient with suspected pneumonia (пненвмонія) revealed slightly elongated gram-positive diplococci with tapered opposite ends (видовжені грам-позитивні диплококи). What microorganisms were revealed in the sputum?

Microscopic examination of pus sample taken from mandibular fistula canal and stained by Gram’s method has revealed druses (друзи) with gram-positive coloring in the center and cone-shaped structures with gram-negative coloring. Such morphology is characteristic of the agent of:

A puncture sample has been taken from the inguinal lymph nodes of a patient provisionally diagnosed with plague (попередній д-з чума). The sample was inoculated into hard nutrient medium. What shape will the colonies have (яка форма колоній), if the diagnosis is confirmed?

A 58-year-old male patient visited his dentist with the chief complained of itching and burning sensation in his mouth. On intraoral examination, diffuse white patches (дифузний білий наліт)were seen on his tongue, right and left buccal mucosa, as well as on his hard palate and soft palatal region. The potassium hydroxide (KOH) preparation of the specimen revealed non-pigmented septate hyphae (не пігментовані септовані гіфи). Administration of which of the following is the most appropriate initial step in treatment of this patient?

In order to accurately identify etiology of peptic ulcer diseases, polymerase chain reaction (PCR) analysis was performed on gastric biopsy specimen taken from 47 year old patient. Eventually the test result was positive fore H. pillory. Which of the following was most likely detected in PCR(полімеразно-ланцюгова реакція) analysis?

A 10-year-old boy is brought to the physician by his parents because of fever, cough, and fatigue. He has been admitted to the hospital five times because of pneumonia. Attempts to induce immunity using the pneumococcal vaccine have failed. The first hospitalization was at the age of 12 months. Laboratory findings show marked reduction in all classes and subclasses of serum immunoglobulins (всі класи та підкласи сироваткових імуноглобулінів). Which of the following immune cells is most likely to be reduced in the peripheral blood of this patient?

What drugs are used for specifictreatment of diphtheria?

Several patients with similarcomplaints came to the doctor. Theyall presented with weakness, pain inthe abdomen, indigestion. Stool analysisrevealed the need for urgent hospitalization of the patient, who had microbial cystswith four nuclei detected in his samples.Such cysts are characteristic of the following prolozoon:

An ophthalmologist suspectsblennorrhea (gonococcal conjunctivitis) in a child with signs of suppurative keratoconjunctivitis. What laboratorydiagnostics should be conducted to confirmthe diagnosis?

Microscopy of dental plaque revealed unicellular organisms (одноклітинні організми в зубному нальоті). Their cytoplasm had two distinct layers, barely visible core, wide pseudopodia. The patient is most likely to have:

The patient’s condition after blood transfusion has been aggravated by posttransfusion shock (посттрансфузійний шок). Name the type of allergic reaction causing this pathology.

To conduct serum diagnostics of typhoid fever (черевний тиф) a test is carried out, when diagnosticums of three types of microorganisms are being added into different solutions of patient’s serum; then agglutinate formation is checked. Name the author of this kind of test.

There is a 7-year-old child with complains of cough, lacrimation, rhinitis, skin rash, photophobia and three-day-long fever as high as 38^oC. Physical examination has revealed the following: conjunctivitis; bright red maculopapular rash covering the skin of face, neck and torso; hyperemic pharynx; serous purulent secretions from the nose; dry rales in the lungs. What is the most probable diagnosis?

Carious cavities of a 29-year-old patient contain parasitic protozoa. It is determined that they relate to the Sarcodina class. Specify these single-celled organisms:

Entamoeba gingivalis

Entamoeba coli

Entamoeba histolutica

Amoeba proteus

Lamblia intestinalis

While studying blood and mucus samples from the nasopharynx, a bacteriologist took certain measures to conserve the pathogens in the material. Bacterioscopic study revealed the presence of gram-negative cocci resembling coffee beans and arranged in pairs or tetrads (грам негативні коки у вигляді кавових зерен попарно чи по-чотири). Name the pathogen that was isolated by the bacteriologist:

When examining a patient with a suspicion of food toxicoinfection, a doctor on duty has detected symptoms characteristic of botulism. The patient named the meals he had eaten the day before. What is the most probable cause of infection?

A patient consulted an immunologist about diarrhea, weight loss within several months, low-grade fever, enlarged lymph nodes. The doctor suspected HIV infecti- on (ВІЛ). What immunocompetent cells must be studied in the first place?

Pyrogenal administered to a rabbit, in the course of an experiment, resulted in increase of its body temperature (підвищення температури тіла). What substance of those named below acts as a secondary pyrogen that is a part of fever-inducing mechanism?

Diphtheria exotoxin had been treated with 0,3-0,4 % formalin and kept in a thermostat for 30 days at a temperature of 40^oC. What preparation was obtained as a result of these manipulations?

A dentist has detected symptoms of parodontosis in a patient. What antiprotozoal drug should be prescribed?

A 47-year-old male patient consulted a dentist about difficult mouth opening (lockjaw) (тризм). The patient has a history of a stab wound (колюча рана) of the lower extremity. What infection can be manifested by these symptoms?

Often the cause of secondary immunodeficiency (вторинні імунодефіцити)is an infectious affection of an organism, when agents reproduce directly in the cells of immune system and destroy them. Specify the diseases, during which the described above occurs:

In the epicenter of the registered rabies (сказ) cases among wild animals a 43-year-old man came to a clinic and claimed to have been bitten by a stray dog (укушений бродячим собакою). He was given a course of anti-rabies vaccine. This preparation belongs to the following type of vaccines (яка за типом є протирабічна вакцина):

The patient’s saliva has been tested for antibacterial activity (слина досліджена на протибактеріальні властивості). What saliva component has antibacterial properties?

A patient complains of frequent bowel movements and stool with blood admixtures (”raspberry jelly” stool) (стілець «малинове желе»). Microscopic examination revealed large mononuclear cells with absorbed red blood cells (великі одноядерні клітити з еритроцитами). What protozoon is this morphological structure typical of?

Respiratory coefficient and caloric coefficient of oxygen On microscopic examination of leftovers of the canned meat eaten by a patient with severe food toxicoinfection (хворий з вираженою токсикоінфекцією їв м’ясні консерви) the following was detected: gram- positive bacilli with subterminal staining defect and configuration (гр-негатмвні палички з субтермінальними спорами) alteration of bacilli generally resembling a tennis racket. What agent was detected?

Typical signs of food poisoning caused by C. botulinum include diplopia, swallowing and respiration disorders (диплопія, порушення ковтання і дихання). These signs develop due to:

A 50-year-old patient has been referred for treatment of neck lymphadenitis. His individual penicillin sensitivity was tested. In 30 seconds full- body fever raised in the patient and his arterial blood pressure dropped to 0 mm Hg followed by cardiac arrest. Resuscitation was unsuccessful. Autopsy revealed acute venous hyperemia of viscera. Histological study revealed mast cells (tissue basocytes) degranulation in the skin (at the area of injections), myocardium and lungs. What kind of hypersensitivity reaction occurred in the patient?

Routine investigation of microbiological sanitary condition of air in a hospital  is performed once in 3 months. What microorganism is the sanitary indicator of air condition in an enclosed space?

Having completed work in a laboratory , a student must tidy up the workspace, perform disinfection of the workbench and tools. What chemicals should be used for disinfection?

What factor results in maximal dilation of the gemomicrocirculatory pahtway vessels and their increased permeability?

In the area that is the epicenter of the registered rabies cases among wild animals a 43-year-old man arrived at a clinic and claimed to have been bitten by a stray dog. He was given a course of anti-rabies vaccine (протирабічна вакцина). This preparation belongs to the following type of vaccines:

A patient has vesicles on the mucous membrane of the oral cavity, lips and nose. A dentist suspected vesicular stomatitis. What analysis will allow to confirm the diagnosis?