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AP Bio Term 1 Review pt 5 Macromolecules, DNA and Signalling

Total questions: 94

Worksheet time: 2hrs 38mins

Name
Class
Date
1.
The three stages of cell signalling are
a)
paracrine, local, and synaptic
b)
reception, transduction, and response
c)
transcription, translation, and folding
d)
alpha, beta, and gamma
2.
1.  Each of the following numbered processes are involved in signal transduction pathways:  
 I.  Response  
II.  Amplification  
 III.  Reception  
IV.  Transduction
 Which of the following represents the sequence of events in a typical signal transduction pathway?
a)
I, II, III, IV
b)
III, I, IV, II
c)
II, IV, I, III
d)
III, IV, II, I
3.
A signal molecule that binds to a plasma-membrane protein is a
a)
ligand
b)
second messenger
c)
protein kinase
d)
receptor protein
4.
What do second messengers do?
a)
transport a signal through the lipid bilayer
b)
relay a signal from the outside to the inside of the cell
c)
relay message from the inside of the mebrane throughout the cytoplasm
d)
dampen the message
5.
What determines whether a cell is a target cell for a particular signal molecule?
a)
phosphorylation cascade
b)
cAMP
c)
signal receptors
d)
phosphatase
6.

Type of cell signaling where the ligand is produced at a location distant from its target cell(s)

a)

autocrine signaling

b)

juxtracrine signaling

c)

paracrine signaling

d)

endocrine signaling

7.

What is being depicted in the image?

a)

Amplification of the signal molecule

b)

Enzymatic proteins inhibiting process of the signal transduction pathway

c)

Kinase groups adding dimer groups to other enzymes

d)

Diffusion of molecules within the cell due to the signaling molecule

8.

Testosterone does not affect all cells of the body because __________.

a)

testosterone cannot cross the plasma membrane

b)

not all cells have cytoplasmic receptors for testosterone

c)

not all cells in the body have membrane receptors for testosterone

d)

it is a local regulator

e)

it affects only cells that have ion-channel receptors

9.

The general name for an enzyme that transfers phosphate groups from ATP to a protein is __________.

a)

protein dehydrogenase

b)

protein kinase

c)

protein phosphatase

d)

peptidase

e)

protein cyclase

10.

Receptors for signal molecules __________.

a)

all work via protein kinases

b)

are never found in the nucleus of a cell

c)

may be found embedded in the plasma membrane, or found within the cytoplasm or nucleus

d)

all work by opening ion channels

e)

are only found associated with the plasma membrane

11.
Which of the following statement is correct?
a)
Cell communicate with one another in multicellular organisms using extracellular signaling molecules or hormones
b)
Cell communicate with one another in unicellular organisms using extracellular signaling antigen and antibody
c)
Cell communicate with one another in multicellular organisms using intracellular signaling molecules only
d)
Cell communicate with one another in unicellular organisms using intracellular signaling antigen and antibody
12.
A cell is known to respond to a particular signaling molecule. Which of the following must be true of this cell?
a)
It is in the heart muscle
b)
it is also the site of production for the signaling molecule
c)
It contains the receptor for the signaling molecule
d)
It is incapable of signal transduction
13.

The process by which protein conformation is lost or broken down is

a)

dehydration synthesis

b)

translation

c)

denaturation

d)

hydrolysis

14.

The partial negative charge at one end of a water molecule is attracted to a partial positive charge of another water molecule. What is this type of attraction called?

a)

a polar covalent bond

b)

an ionic bond

c)

a hydration shell

d)

a hydrogen bond

15.

Which of the macromolecules below could be structural parts of the cell, enzymes, or involved in cell movement or communication?

a)

nucleic acids

b)

proteins

c)

lipids

d)

carbohydrates

16.

An organic compound that is composed of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen in a 1:2:1 ratio is known as a

a)

lipid

b)

carbohydrate

c)

protein

d)

nucleic acid

17.
The image below shows a polymer of glucose molecules. What type of macromolecule is this?
a)
carbohydrate
b)
protein
c)
lipid
d)
nucleic acid
18.
What type of macromolecule is shown in the image below?
a)
Carbohydrate
b)
Nucleic Acid
c)
Fatty Acid
d)
Protein
19.
An unknown molecule contains a sugar and a phosphate group. It is likely what?
a)
carbohydrate
b)
protein
c)
lipid
d)
nucleic acid
20.
Larger polymers are formed when monomers are joined together by a _______ reaction.
a)
dehydration synthesis
b)
digestion
c)
hydrolysis
d)
redox
21.
What is the monomer of proteins?
a)
monosaccharides
b)
amino acids
c)
phospholipids
d)
nucleotide
22.
What is the ratio carbon:hydrogen:oxygen in carbohydrates?
a)
1:1:1
b)
1:2:1
c)
2:1:1
d)
2:1:2
23.
Which of the macromolecules contain nitrogen?
a)
proteins only
b)
nucleic acids only
c)
proteins and lipids
d)
nucleic acids and proteins
24.
What is the function of fats for living organisms?
a)
short term energy storage
b)
store hereditary information
c)
long term energy storage
d)
catalyze metabolic reactions
25.
Identify the macromolecule in the image below.
a)
carbohydrate
b)
nucleic acid
c)
protein
d)
lipid
26.
How are the subunits of proteins linked together?
a)
ionic bonds
b)
amino acids
c)
monomers
d)
peptide bonds
27.
Which statement about polymers is not true?
a)
polymers consist of more than one type of monomer
b)
polymers are broken down through hydrolysis
c)
polymers are synthesized through dehydration synthesis
d)
All are untrue
28.
The image depicts which level of structure in proteins?
a)
primary
b)
secondary
c)
tertiary
d)
quaternary
29.
Which 4 elements make up most of all living matter?
a)
Carbon, Hydrogen, Nitrogen, Oxygen
b)
Carbon, Oxygen, Sodium, Potassium
c)
Carbon, Hydrogen, Calcium, Nitrogen
d)
Carbon, Oxygen, Nitrogen, Sulfur
30.
Which of the following is NOT involved in capillary action in plants?
a)
Capillary ActXylem (transport tissue)ion
b)
Adhesion
c)
Cohesion
d)
pH
31.
Which kingdoms contain Eukaryotes?
a)
Bacteria and Archaea
b)
Bacteria and Animalia
c)
Fungi and Protista
d)
Archaea and Plantae
32.
When atoms share electrons unequally...
a)
a nonpolar covalent bond is formed.
b)
an ionic bond is formed.
c)
a polar covalent bond is formed.
d)
a hydrogen bond is formed.
33.
Which type of lipid forms the primary structure of the cell membrane?
a)
triglycerides
b)
wax
c)
cholesterol
d)
phospholipid
34.
When water freezes the molecules form a matrix by forming hydrogen bonds and
a)
sinking in water
b)
becomes more dense than water
c)
becomes less dense than water
d)
becoming more tightly packed
35.
If a hydroxyl functional group is present, which of the following is likely to be true?
a)
The compound will dissolve in water.
b)
The compound is hydrophobic.
c)
The compound will not form hydrogen bonds.
d)
The compound is nonpolar.
36.
What is the difference between carbon-12 and carbon-14? (Hint: 12 and 14 are mass #)
a)
The number of protons in the nucleus.
b)
The number of protons and neutrons in the nucleus.
c)
The number of neutrons in the nucleus.
d)
The number of electrons in the orbitals.
37.
Where do substrates bind on an enzyme?
a)
voltage-gated channels
b)
surface receptor
c)
calcium channels
d)
active site
38.
Which of the following conclusions can be drawn from this graph?
a)
The optimum pH of the enzyme is 6.6.
b)
The optimum pH of the enzyme is 5.8
c)
The enzyme’s activity increases as pH increases 5.0 to 9.0
d)
The enzyme’s activity is greater around pH of 8.0 .
39.
With what 3 letters do enzymes typically end?
a)
-ose
b)
-ase
c)
-ese
d)
-tic
40.
Any substance that is acted upon by an enzyme is called a(n)?
a)
Coenzyme
b)
Substrate
c)
Vitamin
d)
Polypeptide
41.
Based on the graph, what is the optimal temperature for this enzyme? 
a)
15oC
b)
40oC
c)
30oC
d)
35oC
42.
What happens when enzymes are heated to a high temperature?
a)
The enzymes die.
b)
The shapes of the enzyme are altered denature
c)
The enzymes' amino acid sequence changes.
d)
The enzymes remain the same
43.
What is a substance called if it speeds up a chemical reaction?
a)
reusable
b)
catalyst
c)
specific
d)
fragile
44.

How does an enzymes shape relate to its function?

a)

the shape of the enzyme has no relation to its function

b)

the enzyme is shaped specially for certain substrates to perform a specific reaction

c)

the enzyme shape acts as a receptor to certain products

d)

the enzyme shape can fit into specific substrates to cease a reaction

45.

Enzymes are an example of

a)

Lipids

b)

Carbohydrate

c)

Protein

d)

Nucleic Acid

46.

The amount of energy needed for a reaction to occur is called the (a)   ?

47.

What does an enzyme do?

a)

Decreases the activation energy of a reaction

b)

Increases the activation energy of a reaction

c)

Does not change the activation energy of a reaction

d)

Makes the reaction last longer

48.

Most chemical reactions in the body rely on enzymes. Why are enzymes are necessary for many cellular reactions?

a)

The reactions are too slow to meet the needs of the cell if enzymes are missing

b)

The reactions take up too much space in the cell if enzymes are missing

c)

Enzymes change reactants from solid to liquid during the reactions.

d)

Enzymes supply the oxygen necessary for the reactions.

49.

The human body maintains a temperature of around 98.6 degrees at all times. Enzymes are involved in almost every chemical reaction in the body. Which of the following describes the connection between these two statements?

a)

The body is kept relatively warm to prevent too much enzyme action.

b)

The body needs to be warm to prevent hypothermia.

c)

Enzymes function best at a specific temperature.

d)

There is no connection between the two statements.

50.

What's going on in this picture?

a)

The enzyme is taking the red substrate and turning it blue

b)

The enzyme's active site is blocked by a competitive inhibitor

c)

The enzyme can't function if too many substrates are trying to bind

d)

This is an example of an anabolic enzyme reaction

51.

An activor or inhibitor binding place that is not the active site, causing the enzyme to change conformation (shape) is an example of ...

a)

competative inhibition

b)

allosteric control

c)

optimum conditions

d)

induced fit

52.
Enyzmes are a very important type of protein used to
a)
Build bones in skeleton
b)
Send hormonal signals throughout body
c)
Speed up chemical reactions
d)
Photosynthesize glucose in plants
53.
What is a peptide bond?
a)
Bond that holds two amino acids together.
b)
A bond that holds hydrogen and oxygen molecules together.
c)
A bond that holds the phosphate group of one nucleotide and a sugar of a neighboring nucleotide.
d)
A bond that is formed by the sharing of electrons.
54.
Where does transcription occur in eukaryotic cells?
a)
Nucleus
b)
Ribosome
c)
Cytoplasm
d)
Rough E.R.
55.
A certain gene codes for a polypeptide that is 120 amino acids long. Approximately how many nucleotides long is the mRNA that codes for this polypeptide likely to be?
a)
360
b)
480
c)
40
d)
30
56.
The genetic code is essentially the same for all organisms. From this, one can logically assume which of the following?
a)
The same codons in different organisms translate into the different amino acids.
b)
A gene from an organism can theoretically be expressed by any other organism.
c)
All organisms have experienced convergent evolution.
d)
DNA was the first genetic material.
57.
The anticodon of a particular tRNA molecule is 
a)
complementary to the corresponding mRNA codon.
b)
complementary to the corresponding triplet in rRNA.
c)
the part of tRNA that bonds with a specific amino acid.
d)
catalytic, making the tRNA a ribozyme.
58.
The process to go from DNA to mRNA is _______
a)
translation
b)
transcription
c)
replication
59.
Choose the nucleotide sequence of the RNA strand that would be complementary to the following strand: 
GTAGTCA
a)
UATUAGA
b)
ACGACTG
c)
CAUCAGU
d)
CATCAGT
60.
The main function of tRNA is to...
a)
carry a message that, when translated, forms proteins
b)
form a portion of ribosomes
c)
string together complementary RNA and DNA strands
d)
bring amino acids from the cytoplasm to the ribosomes
61.
This is the triplet of bases on the end of a tRNA molecule
a)
Anticodon
b)
Codon
c)
Protein
62.
The process where mRNA is read and made into an amino acid chain.
a)
Transcription
b)
Translation
c)
Transportation
d)
Transient
63.
What process is going on in this photo? 
a)
Transcription 
b)
Translation 
c)
Replication 
d)
All the above 
64.

ATP is a more stable molecule than ADP

a)

True

b)

False

65.

During cell respiration, the first step is to USE to ATP

a)

True

b)

False

66.

Glycolysis occurs in the cytoplasm and produces all of the following EXCEPT

a)

ATP

b)

Carbon Dioxide

c)

3 carbon chain (pyruvate)

d)

NADH (electron carrier)

67.

What is FALSE about ATP synthase

a)

it can be found in the mitochodrion and chloroplast

b)

it is an enzyme with two substrates, ADP and a phosphate

c)

it is a transport protein

d)

it actively transports H+ across membranes

68.

What makes more ATP

a)

oxidative phosphorylation during ETC and ATP synthase

b)

substrate level phosphorylation during glycolysis and krebs

69.

Oxygen gas is a _____________ of cell respiration because it _______

a)

reactant, replaces lost electrons from glucose

b)

reactant, removes low energy electrons from the ETC chain

c)

product, it the left over after the carbon chain releases its electrons

d)

product, when water splits to give electrons, oxygen gas is the waste product

70.

Glucose is ____________________ during cell respiration

a)

reduced

b)

oxidized

71.

The purpose of the Krebs cycle is to

a)

completely oxidize the remaining glucose chain

b)

produce carbon dioxide

c)

produce water

d)

regenerate NAD+ so glycolysis can continue

72.

Chemiosmosis is the use of energy to _______________________

a)

set up a hydrogen ion gradient

b)

to produce water

c)

oxidize glucose

d)

remove electrons from the ETC using oxygen gas

73.

Oxidative phosphorylation uses _______________ to make ATP

a)

electrons energy from glucose

b)

electron energy from oxygen gas

c)

electron energy from water

74.

Purpose of fermentation is to

a)

make NAD+

b)

make carbon dioxide

c)

oxidize glucose

d)

create a proton gradient

75.

All of the follow occur anaerobically EXCEPT

a)

glycolysis

b)

fermentation

c)

Krebs cycle

76.

If the ETC was blocked by cyanide what would happen?

a)

the mitochondrion would over heat

b)

excessive NAD+ would build up in the cells and blood

c)

oxygen levels would decrease

d)

NADH and FADH2 would be in high levels

77.

A mouse at 10 C would use oxygen _______________ than a snake at 10 C (assume same size)

a)

faster

b)

slower

78.

If the environment temperature is 40 C a snake's body will be 40 C.

a)

True

b)

False

79.

ATP synthase directly uses _____________ to spin in order to connect phosphate onto ADP

a)

diffusion from a proton gradient

b)

diffusion from an electron gradient

c)

active transport of a proton gradient

d)

active transport of an electron gradient

80.

What is NOT produced during glycolysis

a)

ATP

b)

NADH

c)

Pyruvate

d)

CO2

81.

Which of the following can still happen without oxygen gas present in the cell

a)

production of NAD+ at the electron transport chain

b)

production of NADH during krebs cycle

c)

production of NADH during glycolysis

d)

oxidative phosphorylation at the ATP synthase

82.

What is this process showing?

a)

substrate level phosphorylation

b)

chemiosmosis

c)

Krebs cycle

d)

glycolysis

83.

Which of the following is FALSE about this process?

a)

the pH of the intermembrane space is more acidic than the matrix

b)

the H+ is using facilitated diffusion as it passes through the ATP synthase

c)

ATP is used to move the H+ against its gradient along the ETC

d)

O2 gas is needed to remove the low energy electrons from the ETC

84.

If this is a yeast solution, what type of gas will be collecting in the inverted graduated cylinder

a)

hydrogen

b)

carbon dioxide

c)

oxygen gas

85.

Phosphofructokinase is an enzyme used in glycolysis. Which of the following will make is work more efficiently?

a)

increased levels of ATP

b)

increased levels of AMP

c)

increases levels of oxygen gas

d)

increased levels of pyruvate

86.

What is this process showing?

a)

glycolysis

b)

Krebs cycle

c)

alcoholic fermentation

d)

aerobic respiration

87.
The enzyme that produces RNA in Transcription is called
a)
RNA Polymerase
b)
DNA Polymerase
c)
Transcriptase
d)
RNA Intrase
88.
The two strands of DNA are held together by:
a)
Hydrogen Bonds
b)
Phosphodiester Bonds
c)
Glycolsyl Bonds
d)
Glycosidic Linkages
89.

How many amino acids will FIFTEEN codons code for?

a)

three

b)

five

c)

fifteen

d)

thrity

90.
What is the correct amino acid sequence for the mRNA code AUGCCAGUAUGA
a)
Met-Pro-Ala-Val
b)
Met-Pro-Val
c)
Tyr-Gly-His
d)
Tyr-Gly-Arg-His
91.
What is the relationship between a protein, the cell, and DNA?
a)
DNA is produced by protein which is produced in the cell
b)
Protein is composed of DNA which is produced in the cell
c)
DNA controls the production of protein in the cell
d)
A cell is composed of DNA and protein
92.
Genetic info flows in one direction. Which best represents this flow?
a)
DNA-protein-RNA
b)
Protein-RNA-DNA
c)
RNA-protein-DNA
d)
DNA-RNA-protein
93.

What process is going on in this photo?

a)

DNA Replication

b)

Transcription

c)

Translation

d)

Mitosis

94.

What is a gene?

a)

A section of DNA that codes (has the instructions) for a protein

b)

All of the DNA in your cell

c)

Proteins are made of genes

d)

Genes are the traits that you have

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