WorksheetsPSYCO 105 (second half)
Total questions: 185
Worksheet time: 3hrs 5mins
What is developmental psychology?
studying changes in biological, physical, behavioural and physiological processes with age
genetically programmed biological process that governs growth of bodies and motor skills during infancy and childhood
What are the three different research designs used to study developmental psychology?
cross-sectional, maturational, developmental
longitudinal, cross-sectional, developmental
sequential, longitudinal, psychological
sequential, longitudinal, cross-sectional
What is cross-sectional design?
same set of people studied as they age
people of different ages are studied at a given time
test several cohorts as they age
In cross-sectional design, data is obtained (a) .
Which is a flaw of cross-sectional design?
data is obtained too slowly
difficult to tell if age or other factors (eg. growing up in different periods) influence results
data is obtained too quickly
easy to tell if age or other factors (eg. growing up in different periods) influence results
What is longitudinal design?
same set of people studied as they age
test several cohorts as they age
Which definition corresponds to the term "cohort"?
group of individuals that share the same place of birth
group of individuals that share biological relatives
group of individuals born at different times
group of individuals born at the same time
Which is a flaw of longitudinal design?
data is collected too quickly
more comprehensive than other designs
long-term and time-consuming; subjects could drop out/die
short-term and time-consuming; subjects could drop out/die
Which definition does NOT correspond to sequential design?
subjects are presented with sequences of numbers
combination of both cross-sectional and longitudinal designs
a method of studying developmental psychology
tests several cohorts as they age
Which research design is the most comprehensive?
Longitudinal
Sequential
Cross-sectional
Complete this statement: "The three stages of prenatal development, in order from earliest to latest, are __1__, embryonic, and __2__."
1: macrobiotic, 2: germinal
1: fetal, 2: germinal
1: germinal, 2: zygotic
1: germinal, 2: fetal
1: haploid, 2: diploid
During the first two weeks of development (germinal stage), a single sperm fertilizes an ovum (egg), resulting in a (a) .
When does a zygote become a mass of cells that attaches to the uterus?
2-3 days after conception
4-6 days after conception
1-5 days after conception
10-14 days after conception
15-20 days after conception
The embryonic stage extends from the end of week two to the end of week ____.
nine
eight
four
six
During which week does an embryo become a fetus?
tenth
fifth
ninth
eleventh
At which stage do the placenta and umbilical cord develop?
germinal
embryonic
fetal
Which event occurs by week twenty-four?
fetus is viable
eyes open
At which week does a fetus reach the age of viability?
twenty-eighth
twentieth
twenty-fourth
eighteenth
A twenty-third pair of chromosomes of XX corresponds to the female sex. A pair of __ corresponds to the male sex.
AB
ZY
XY
YY
Sperm can contain either the X or Y chromosome, while an egg can only contain the __ chromosome.
X
Y
The Y chromosome contains the TDF gene that triggers male sexual development. What does TDF stand for?
totally dank frogs
testis detrimental factor
testis developmental factor
testis determining factor
At six to eight weeks, the TDF gene initiates the development of the testes, which, like ovaries, produce the sex hormones known as (a) .
What are teratogens?
environmental agents that may cause abnormal prenatal development
tactile, auditory, and chemical perceptual systems
genetically programmed biological processes that govern growth of bodies and motor skills during infancy and childhood
____ ____ ____ can pass from mother to baby and cause in some cases brain damage, deafness or blindness.
sexually transmitted diseases
stress and androgens
virtually transmitted diseases
FASD is characterized by cognitive, behavioural and physical deficits. The disorder is caused by prenatal exposure to ____.
marijuana
alcohol
loud music
bright light
What does FASD stand for?
Fetal Adrenaline Spectrum Disorder
Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorder
Frequent Alcohol Spectrum Disorder
What does Fetal Alcohol Syndrome (FAS) include?
a cluster of developmental abnormalities such as facial abnormalities, malformed brains, psychological and social impairments
a cluster of developmental abnormalities such as skin abnormalities, malformed eyes, psychological and social impairments
a cluster of developmental abnormalities such as liver abnormalities, malformed cochlea, psychological and social impairments
Tactile, ____, and chemical perceptual systems are known to be stimulated and operational at birth.
alcohol
adrenaline
auditory
emotional
visual
Newborns are near-sighted, but can ____ ____.
track objects
see colour (full range)
By ____ months, a child can see the full range of colours.
two
six
eight
three
seven
What is the preferential looking procedure used for?
determining preference for visual stimuli
determining preference for auditory stimuli
determining preference for tactile stimuli
Infants prefer visually __1__ stimuli over __2__ stimuli and solid colours.
1: complex, 2: simple
1: simple, 2: complex
Newborns readily orient ____ ____ sources of sounds, tactile stimuli, and odours.
toward the
away from
The ability to localise sounds exists from birth until 2 months of age, then disappears. It reappears at __ to __ months.
3 to 6
4 to 5
8 to 10
4 to 6
What is phoneme discrimination in newborns, and when does it disappear?
the ability to detect changes in speech sounds, even better than adults; disappears at 12 months of age
the ability to detect changes in visual stimuli, even better than adults; disappears at 12 months of age
the ability to detect changes in speech sounds, even better than adults; disappears at 6 months of age
the ability to detect changes in visual stimuli, even better than adults; disappears at 6 months of age
Music perception is the ability to:
process and remember voices (rhythm, pitch, and melody)
process and remember music (rhythm, pitch, and melody)
What is meant by the definition "genetically programmed biological process that governs the growth of bodies and motor skills during infancy and childhood"?
(a)
The ____ Principle is the principle that development proceeds from innermost parts to outermost parts of the body (arms before fingers).
Premack
Proximodistal
Ainsworth
Maturation
Why is the head of a fetus disproportionately large?
FASD
the Proximodistal Principle
the Cephalocaudal Principle
Which develops first?
brainstem
cortex
A newborn's brain weighs __% of adult brain weight at birth.
10
35
50
45
25
By six months of age, the brain weighs __% of its adult weight.
40
50
60
30
When a child reaches age five, their brain is __% of its adult weight.
60
75
70
90
85
Some motor skills have a __-shaped development.
U
Y
N
C
In the stages of motor development, __1__ may vary, but __2__ does not.
1: age, 2: sequence
1: sequence, 2: age
1: time, 2: age
1: height, 2: age
At five to eight months, a child can:
use their arms for support
stand alone easily
sit without support
Can visual deprivation permanently damage visual abilities?
YES
NO
In Piaget’s Stage Model, the brain builds (a) to achieve understanding.
Which term is defined by "internal framework that guides interaction with the world"?
schema
scheme
equilibrium
cognition
Assimilation is when new experiences fit into existing schemas. (a) is when new experiences change existing schemas or create new schemas.
Which is the correct order of Piaget's Stage Theory, from youngest to oldest?
Preoperational, Sensorimotor, Concrete Operational, Formal Operational
Sensorimotor, Preoperational, Concrete Operational, Formal Operational
Preoperational, Concrete Operational, Formal Operational, Sensorimotor
Sensorimotor, Preoperational, Formal Operational, Concrete Operational
Piaget's concrete operational stage is from ages __ to __.
7 to 12
8 to 10
4 to 6
12 to 14
During Piaget's ____ stage, a child can understand the world through sensory experiences and physical interactions with objects.
sensorimotor
concrete operational
formal operational
preoperational
The term "object permanence" refers to which of the following?
understanding that objects continue to exist even when they can no longer be seen
internal framework that guides interaction with the world
genetically programmed biological process that governs growth of bodies and motor skills during infancy and childhood
brain builds schemas to achieve understanding
During the preoperational stage of Piaget's Stage Theory, a child's thinking reflects ____.
collectivism
egocentrism
individualism
narcissism
A child does not understand (a) during Piaget's preoperational stage.
A child is able to perform basic mental operations involving tangible problems and situations during Piaget's (a) operational stage.
Piaget's formal operation stage involves the ability to form and test (a) .
What did Vygotsky say about social interaction?
social interaction can influence cognitive development within the limits of biological maturation
social interaction can influence sexual development within the limits of biological maturation
social interaction can influence physical development within the limits of biological maturation
The "zone of proximal development", or ZPD, refers to which of the following?
what a child can do with assistance
what a child can do independently
Processing speed, (a) , and response inhibition show improvements with age.
True or false: Older children can retain more information, and also engage in strategies such as rehearsal.
true
false
"Understanding other people’s mental states" is known as Theory of (a) .
"Biologically based style of behavioural and emotional reaction" refers to:
(a)
Erikson’s Psychosocial Theory includes a ' (a) ' to be resolved at each stage.
The term "imprinting" refers to:
biologically primed form of attachment; involves a critical period
strong emotional bond between human children and primary care givers; involves a sensitive period
The phrase "strong emotional bond between human children and primary care givers; involves a sensitive period" refers to which of the following?
attachment
priming
imprinting
John Bolby's Attachment Process is composed of three parts, one of which being discriminate attachment. Which of the following is discriminate attachment?
newborns – cry and vocalise towards everyone
3 months of age – direct attachment behaviours towards familiar caregivers than toward strangers
7-8 months of age – form meaningful attachments with primary caregivers
What does SST stand for?
Soft Situation Test
Strange Situation Test
Strange Situation Type
Parenting can vary along two dimensions: warmth vs. (a) , and restrictiveness vs. permissiveness.
Treating others differently based on whether they are male or female is known as:
(a)
True or false: Kohlberg’s Stage Theory analysed responses to moral dilemmas.
true
false
Maximum muscle strength in the legs, arms, and other parts of the body is reached at age __ to __.
15 to 25
25 to 30
30 to 35
20 to 25
____ ____ includes overestimation of uniqueness of feelings and experiences (personal fable), and oversensitivity to social evaluation (imaginary audience).
adolescent egocentrism
adult egocentrism
childhood centrism
During ____-formal operational thinking, one becomes accepting of contradictions and irreconcilable differences.
post
pre
anti
pro
What is meant by "the distinctive and relatively enduring ways of thinking, feeling, and acting, that characterize a person’s responses to life situations"?
(a)
Which is a key element of psychodynamic theory?
interplay of inner forces that often conflict with one another
perceived internal cause
components of identity
Freud's (a) is defined as: "a form of psychological therapy that treats mental disorders by examining the interaction of conscious and unconscious forces".
Conversion hysteria is when physical symptoms appear without a (a) cause.
Psychic energy is generated by ____ drives.
biological
instinctual
spiritual
psychological
True or false: As part of the psychodynamic perspective, we are unaware of our preconscious mental events and we can recall them.
true
false
The ____ is the source of all psychic energy.
id
ego
superego
hippocampus
The id functions according to the pleasure principle. Which of the following describes the pleasure principle?
seeks immediate gratification or release, regardless of rational considerations and environmental realities
testing reality to define when impulses can be safely discharged
The ego imparts self-control and ____ gratification.
delays
prioritizes
removes
The ____ is the last personality structure to develop.
id
ego
superego
The (a) is the repository for the values and ideals of society.
____ ____ are 'weapons of the ego'. Commonly referred to as coping mechanisms, they are distortions of reality that operate unconsciously and cause maladaptive behaviour.
(a)
____ ____ is a series of stages that focus on specific pleasure-sensitive areas of the body, known as erogenous zones.
(a)
The definition "arrested development (plateau) where instincts focus on a particular area" refers to:
(a)
A fixation at the oral stage of psychosexual development would result in an individual seeking (a) stimulation, such as eating, smoking, or drinking.
A fixation at the (a) stage of psychosexual development would result in an individual developing either an anal-retentive or an anal-expulsive personality.
A fixation at the (a) stage of psychosexual development would result in an individual being stuck in an Oedipus/Electra complex.
A key task at the (a) stage of psychosexual development is developing social relationships.
The Oedipus/Electra complex involves a desire for sexual involvement with the parent of the (1) sex and a concomitant sense of rivalry with the parent of the (2) sex.
1: opposite, 2: same
1: same, 2: opposite
Alfred Adler placed ____ ____ above personal interests.
(a)
At the top of Maslow's hierarchy of needs, ____ is the total realization of one’s human potential.
esteem
self-actualization
safety
love/belonging
In George Kelly's Personal Construct Theory, a personal construct is a(n):
cognitive category which sorts the people and events in an individual's life
unconscious fear
manifestation of the reality principle
To George Kelly, ____ ____ are the primary basis for individual differences in personality.
(a)
George Kelly developed (a) -role therapy, which encourages the client to enact a new role in order to try out alternative views of the self and the world.
Complete the following statement: "Sigmund Freud is to Carl Rogers as..."
...psychodynamic is to humanistic."
...humanistic is to psychodynamic."
Carl Rogers’ (a) Theory involves responses to our immediate conscious experience of self and environment from within.
In Self Theory, congruence is defined as which of the following?
consistent set of perceptions & beliefs about oneself
consistency between self-perceptions & experience
consistency among ‘self-perceptions’
In Self Theory, (a) arises when an experience is inconsistent with self-concept.
According to Carl Rogers, an anxious but healthy individual will _________ to alleviate the anxiety.
modify their self-concept
distort reality
____ is when an individual will deny or distort reality to be consistent with their self-concept.
maladjustment
healthy adjustment
short adjustment
Self- (a) is how positively or negatively we feel about ourselves.
Clear guidelines for behavior ____ self-esteem.
foster
lower
Conditions of (a) are the conditions we think we must meet in order for other people to accept us as worthy of their love or positive regard.
Those who practice ____-____ have a strong tendency to gain & preserve positive self-image.
self-verification
self-enhancement
mah-jongg
Gender (a) are organized mental structures that contain our understanding of the attributes and behaviors that are 'typically' appropriate for males & females.
(a) analysis involves finding correlations among behaviours.
Cattell's Sixteen Personality Factors involves the use of which of the following?
factor analysis
psychoanalysis
self-verification
True or false: Eysenck's Extraversion-Stability Model requires four dimensions.
true
false
The Five Factor Model has an associated mnemonic. What is it?
SOAPY
FROGS
OCEAN
BREAD
What does the mnemonic "OCEAN" stand for?
openness, conscientiousness, extraversion, agreeableness, neuroticism
only Carl eats apple nougat
onii-chan envelopes all nicety
openness,
conscientiousness,
extravagance,
agreeableness,
naughtiness
Traits tend to be stable across situations, while (a) tends to show little stability.
In _________ theories, behaviour is not explained by external or internal factors alone.
social cognitive
psychoanalytic
humanistic
Which of the following refers to reciprocal determinism?
individual, behavior, and environment are linked
focused attention on value of identifying & measuring personality dispositions
description vs. explanation
____ ____ theorized that behaviour is governed by two factors: expectancy and reinforcement.
Alfred Adler
Sigmund Freud
Julian Rotter
Hans Eysenck
Alan Watts
Julian Rotter coined the (a) of control.
____ ____ is known for human agency/active agents and Canadian sausage.
Albert Bandura
Sigmund Freud
Alfred Adler
The A&W Guy
Self- (a) is defined as a person's beliefs concerning their ability to perform the behaviors needed to achieve desired outcomes.
Who is known for the "Consistency Paradox"?
Walter Mischel
Albert Bandura
Alfred Adler
Isaac Newton
What does CAPS stand for?
Cats Are Pretty Swanky
Cognitive Affective Personality System
Cognitive Affective Personality Spectrum
Cognitive Assessment of Personality and Stability
If... then... behaviour consistencies are which mnemonic?
CAPS
OCEAN
CATS
BEDMAS
Which inventory measures attitudes, emotions, behaviour, symptoms and life history?
NEO-PI
MMPI-2
MNPI-2
Who famously shows an extreme psychopathic deviation on their MMPI profile?
Alfred Adler
Jeffrey Dahmer
Oliver Sacks
Joe Goldberg
What kind of test is the Rorschach?
(a)
Fundamental ____ error involves underestimating the impact of situational factors and overestimating the role of personal factors.
personality
attribution
scale
analysis
Which term refers to individuals giving more personal attributions for their successes and more situational attributions for their failures?
self-efficacy
self-serving bias
self-infringement
self esteem
The (a) effect involves attaching more importance to initial information.
The (a) effect is the opposite of the primary effect.
Which of the following definitions refers to self-fulfilling prophecies?
judgments about causes of our own and other people’s behaviour and outcomes
generalized beliefs about group or category
expectations affect behaviour toward others, causing expected behaviors that confirm expectations
mental frameworks that organize and interpret information
Social facilitation is the increased tendency to perform one's dominant response in the presence of others. When a given task is difficult, the response is typically:
correct
incorrect
____ ____ are sets of norms that characterize how people in a social position should behave.
(a)
____ is the adjustment of individual behaviours, attitudes, and beliefs to a group standard.
regulation
conformity
obedience
What is the loss of individuality that leads to disinhibited behaviour?
deindividuation
social loafing
dissenting
What is the tendency of group members to suspend critical thinking because they are striving to seek agreement?
(a)
According to the mere exposure effect, repeated exposure to a stimulus ____ our liking for it.
increases
decreases
The ____ effect is when individuals have a partner whose physical attractiveness is similar to their own.
matching
discrepancy
attraction
nicety
Being rewarded with companionship at the cost of arguments is an example of which theory?
social exchange
social deviation
similarity-attraction
Companionate love is characterized by affection and a deep caring for others’ well-being, while (a) love is associated with intense emotion, arousal, and yearning.
The (a) theory of love involves three factors: intimacy, passion, and commitment.
(a) is a negative attitude toward people based on their membership in a group.
Treating people unfairly based on the group to which they belong is called (a) .
In-group favoritism & out-group derogation (us-them thinking) is referred to as (a) .
In Realistic Conflict Theory, (a) fosters prejudice.
True or false: In Social Identity Theory, prejudice stems from a need to enhance self-esteem.
(a)
In (a) selection, individuals are more likely to help others with which they share the most genes.
The Empathy-Altruism Hypothesis states that empathy ____ altruism.
mitigates
produces
True or false: the Negative State Relief Model dictates that high levels of empathy induce relaxation in an individual when others suffer.
true
false
The perception that some people get what they deserve is an example of which hypothesis?
just-world
empathy-altruism
negative state relief
Deficient frontal lobe activity is associated with increased ____.
aggression
yearning
empathy
Aggressive behaviour discharging aggressive energy is an example of the Principle of (a) .
Over-controlled (a) causes little immediate reactions to provocation, but eventually leads to an eruption of violence.
What are the three D's of social construct used to determine whether or not a behaviour is abnormal?
distress, dysfunction, and deviance
distress, dysfunction, and dalliance
dance, dive, and decapitate
True or false: Under the Diathesis-Stress Model, each of us has some degree (range) of vulnerability for developing a psychological disorder, given sufficient stress.
true
false
In (a) disorders, the frequency & intensity of responses are out of proportion to given situations.
GAD is a state of diffuse, 'free-floating' anxiety. What does GAD stand for?
Generalized Anxiety Disorder
General Anesthesia Dysfunction
Grandiose Anxiety Delusions
(a) Disorder is characterized by sudden, unpredictable, and intense panic attacks.
Hoarding can result from which of the following disorders?
OCD
GAD
Panic Disorder
APD
A psychodynamic explanation for the ____ associated with OCD is the undoing of unacceptable urges.
compulsions
panic
obsessions
True or false: Anxiety can be a learned response.
true
false
(a) disorder has a stronger genetic component than depression.
____ disorders disrupt behavioural consistency.
dissociative
associative
Dissociative fugue can be described as a '____ ____'.
(a)
Schizophrenia is associated with delusions and hallucinations. Delusions are false __1__ and hallucinations are false __2__.
1: beliefs, 2: perceptions
1: perceptions, 2: beliefs
1: diagnoses, 2: disorders
1: emotions, 2: behaviours
(a) schizophrenia is characterized by confusion and incoherence.
(a) schizophrenia is characterized by delusions of persecution.
Catatonic schizophrenia is characterized by which of the following?
delusions of persecution
confusion, incoherence
severe motor disturbances
Undifferentiated schizophrenia is characterized by which of the following?
delusions of persecution
confusion, incoherence
severe motor disturbances
undifferentiated schizophrenia is not easily classified
Schizophrenia Type I is characterized by positive symptoms. What do these symptoms include?
changes in behaviour
delusions, hallucinations, disordered speech and thought
lack of emotion
lack of motivation
Schizophrenia Type II is characterized by negative symptoms. What do these symptoms include?
added pathological extremes
lack of motivation
absence of normal reactions
reduced expression
Antipsychotic drugs used for schizophrenia ____ dopamine activity.
increase
decrease
In the Social ____ Hypothesis, deteriorating functions causes movement down the socioeconomic ladder.
Drift
Droop
Dive
Lowering
How many personality disorders are in the DSM-5?
seven
two
six
five
Freud would suggest that an individual with Antisocial Personality Disorder (APD) lacks a(n):
id
superego
ego
conscience
(a) Personality Disorder is often characterized by alternating between extreme love and extreme hate.
Up to ____ percent of North American children have been diagnosed with ADHD.
ten
thirty
twenty
five
Approximately ____ percent of children diagnosed with Autistic Spectrum Disorder are boys.
ten
eighty
ninety
fifty
(a) dementia is dementia that presents after age 65.
(a) transference is characterized by feelings of affection, dependency, and love.
(a) therapy aims to make a client "whole" again.
Identifying beliefs, ideas, and self-statements that trigger maladaptive behaviors and emotions is part of which kind of therapy?
Gestalt
Cognitive
Psychodynamic
Psychoanalytic
Ellis and Beck are both associated with which type of therapy?
Gestalt
Psychodynamic
Cognitive
