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WorksheetsИКТ1010
Total questions: 150
Worksheet time: 1hrs 15mins
What is the Computer science
the science of e-mail
way of learning about the world by means of signals and symbols, a man perceived by the senses
science of collecting, storing, processing and transmission of information through computers
is the study of general and fundamental problems concerning matters such as existence, knowledge, values, reason, mind, and language
unit recording information on a floppy disk
… - a set of physical processes signals perceived by the subject through his sense organs
Information processes
Computer
Protocol
Data
Information
Data obtained by measuring, monitoring, logical or arithmetic operations presented in a form suitable for storage, transmission and processing
Information processes
Data
Protocol
Information
Computer
Under ….. is offered to understand the complex objects, actions, and rules relating to the preparation, processing and delivery of information at the personal, mass communication and production, as well as all technologies and sectors, providing integrated these processes.
Computer Science
the information and communication technologies
Information
Information processes
Data
Ergonomika- it
science that studies the application scope of our mental characteristics.
the science of the economically correct solutions.
the science of the psychological impact of computers on the person.
the science of designing the user interface.
science on the development of products that interact with us physically.
… is an extended term for information technology which stresses the role of unified communications and the integration of telecommunications (telephone lines and wireless signals), computers as well as necessary enterprise software, middleware, storage, and audio-visual systems, which enable users to access, store, transmit, and manipulate information.
Digital technology
Cloud technology
Multimedia technology
Information and communications technology
Network technology
The term is … used to refer to the convergenceof audio-visual and telephone networks with computer networks\ through a single cabling or link system.
LAN
ICT
Cloud
Multimedia
WAN
What is multimedia?
Images and audio
Integration of still and moving images, text, and sounds by means of computer technology
Moving images and text
Programs that combine text and images on a television screen
A video game
.............used for the formation of an ideology in the field of information and modern information culture, i.e. the ability to interact with information, professional use for receiving, processing, transmitting and storing it.
Mission of “ICT”
Purpose of “ICT”
Discipline “ICT”
Idea of “ICT”
Ideology of “ICT”
Choose right variant. The practical purpose of the ICT course
improve their general culture, education, and justice
ICT in entertainment
provides academic and educational purposes
helping to expand the horizons of students
All answers are correct
................offer services pertaining to processing transactions, documentation, presentations, inventory management and gathering product information
Е- Subject
e-commerce
e-business
e-document
e-service
Communication
Technology is the use of scientific knowledge, experience and resources to create processes products that fulfill human needs.
Communication is an act of transmitting messages. It is a process whereby information is exchanged between individuals using symbols, signs or verbal interactions. Communication is important in order to gain knowledge.
ICT standardisation is the voluntary cooperation for the development of technical specifications that outlines the agreed properties for a particular product, service, or procedure.
Information refers to the knowledge obtained from reading, investigation, study or research. The tools to transmit information are the telephone, television and radio. Information is knowledge and helps us to fulfill our daily tasks.
Standards are critical to the interoperability of ICTs and whether we exchange voice, video or data messages, standards enable global communications by ensuring that countries’ ICT networks and devices are speaking the same language.
Technology
Communication is an act of transmitting messages. It is a process whereby information is exchanged between individuals using symbols, signs or verbal interactions. Communication is important in order to gain knowledge.
Information refers to the knowledge obtained from reading, investigation, study or research. The tools to transmit information are the telephone, television and radio. Information is knowledge and helps us to fulfill our daily tasks.
ICT standardisation is the voluntary cooperation for the development of technical specifications that outlines the agreed properties for a particular product, service, or procedure.
Technology is the use of scientific knowledge, experience and resources to create processes products that fulfill human needs.
Standards are critical to the interoperability of ICTs and whether we exchange voice, video or data messages, standards enable global communications by ensuring that countries’ ICT networks and devices are speaking the same language.
Information
Standards are critical to the interoperability of ICTs and whether we exchange voice, video or data messages, standards enable global communications by ensuring that countries’ ICT networks and devices are speaking the same language.
Technology is the use of scientific knowledge, experience and resources to create processes products that fulfill human needs.
ICT standardisation is the voluntary cooperation for the development of technical specifications that outlines the agreed properties for a particular product, service, or procedure.
Communication is an act of transmitting messages. It is a process whereby information is exchanged between individuals using symbols, signs or verbal interactions. Communication is important in order to gain knowledge.
Information refers to the knowledge obtained from reading, investigation, study or research. The tools to transmit information are the telephone, television and radio. Information is knowledge and helps us to fulfill our daily tasks.
Тhe European standardizationorganizations: ETSI-
the European Telecommunications Standards Institute
the European Committee for Standardization
the science of designing the user interface
the European Committee for Electrotechnical Standardization
the science of the psychological impact of computers on the person
Тhe European standardizationorganizations:CEN –
Sustainable Development Goals
the science of the psychological impact of computers on the person
the European Telecommunications Standards Institute
the European Committee for Standardization
the European Committee for Electrotechnical Standardization
Тhe European standardizationorganizations:Standardization-
Sustainable Development Goals
the science of the psychological impact of computers on the person
the European Committee for Standardization
the European Telecommunications Standards Institute
the European Committee for Electrotechnical Standardization
ICT development
ICT standardization is the voluntary cooperation for the development of technical specifications that outlines the agreed properties for a particular product, service, or procedure.
includes many types of infrastructure and services, ranging from telecommunications, such as voice, data, and media services, to specific applications, such as banking, education, or health, to the implementation of electronic government (e-government).
Technology is the use of scientific knowledge, experience and resources to create processes products that fulfill human needs.
Information refers to the knowledge obtained from reading, investigation, study or research. The tools to transmit information are the telephone, television and radio. Information is knowledge and helps us to fulfill our daily tasks.
is the voluntary cooperation for the development of technical specifications that outlines the agreed properties for a particular product, service, or procedure.
ICT standardization
Technology is the use of scientific knowledge, experience and resources to create processes products that fulfill human needs.
is the voluntary cooperation for the development of technical specifications that outlines the agreed properties for a particular product, service, or procedure.
ICT standardization is the voluntary cooperation for the development of technical specifications that outlines the agreed properties for a particular product, service, or procedure
includes many types of infrastructure and services, ranging from telecommunications, such as voice, data, and media services, to specific applications, such as banking, education, or health, to the implementation of electronic government (e-government).
Information refers to the knowledge obtained from reading, investigation, study or research. The tools to transmit information are the telephone, television and radio. Information is knowledge and helps us to fulfill our daily tasks.
What did Ch. Babbage invent in 1812
Windows
the first calculating machine
the driver
Xerox
Father of the computer
Mohammad Usman Khan
Charles Babbage
Frederick P. Brooks
Ada Lovelace
KonradZuse
ALU-
arithmetic unit
arithmetic low unit
algebra logic unit
arithmetic logic unprocess
arithmetic logic unit
Static RAM is used as:
arithmetic unit
Memory in hard drives
Video Memory
Cache
Flash memory
… is a computer program that you use for writing letters, reports, documents, or the software that is used for this purpose
A word processor
Databases
Graphics
laptop
It is a portable computer weighing about 2-4 kg.
PC
laptop
supercomputer
mainframe
mobile
Computer architecture is:
a description of the devices for input and output of information;
a description of the device and the principles of operation of the computer, sufficient to understand the user.
technical description of the details of the devices;
technical description of the details of the computer devices;
A description of the computer's software;
A computer is:
a universal device for transmitting and receiving information.
a universal, electronic device for storing, processing and transmitting information;
An electronic device for processing information;
a universal device for recording and reading information;
a universal device for recording
Hardware is:
a system for the creation of new programmes
a universal device for transmitting and receiving information.
a universal device for recording
computer hardware
the most popular system for IBM PC computers
Software is:
computer software
support program
a system for the creation of new programmes
the most popular system for IBM PC computers
only programs to connect new devices to the computer
The speed of information processing in the computer depends on:
RAD
clock speed
RAM
clock speeds
hard drive
Specify the unit of measurement of memory capacity:
test
beat
tact
GHz
KB
Peripherals are designed for:
design improvementss
exchange of information between the computer and the user
computer design improvements
information between the computer and the user
performing arithmetic-logical operations
What is the frequency of regeneration of the monitor measured:
Hertzakh
design
volts
seconds
operations
The resolution of the monitor is:
computer design improvements
exchange of information between the computer and the user
information between the computer and the user
number of pixels vertically and horizontally
number of pixels horizontally
What function do peripherals perform:
number of pixels horizontally
information between the computer and the user
input-output of information
information processing
storage of information
The chipset on the motherboard is:
Combination of system bus and RAM
The totality of all ports and connectors on the motherboard
The totality of al connectors on the motherboard
A set of chips of the north and south bridge
The totality of all devices located on the motherboard
What is not a characteristic of RAM?
Memory type
typr
Timings
Throughput
Cost
The North Bridge on the motherboard supports:
Hard drives and optical drives
System bus, RAM, video card
printers, scanners
Keyboards, mice, printers, scanners
Sound card and modem
What is the name of the CPU socket?
interface
Socket
Port
Chipset
Tire
A graphical user interface operating system front-end to MSDOS developed by the Microsoft Corporation
Paint
Word
Mac OS X
Windows
Lunix
A clone of the Unix operating system created by Linus Torvalds for use on personal computers -
Windows
Linux
Memory
Macromedi
Mac OS X
Interface -…
the hardware or software that connects two systems and allows them to communicate with each other
a method for storing and organizing computer files and the data they contain to make it easy to find and access them.
a method for storing and organizing computer files and the data they contain to make it easy to find and access them.
network internal to an organization that uses Internet protocols
the physical components of a computer system
File system-…
network internal to an organization that uses Internet protocols
the hardware or software that connects two systems and allows them to communicate with each other
a method for storing and organizing computer files and the data they contain to make it easy to find and access them.
the physical components of a computer system
a type of user interface which allows people to interact with a computer and computer-controlled devices which employ graphical icons, visual indicators or special graphical elements called "widgets", along with text, labels or text navigation to represent the information and actions available to a user.
A systems program that controls a peripheral device
Embedded software
Expert system
Duplex
Eiffel
Driver
Pick out the right definition: Operating system
a complex of the system and control programs intended for the most effective using of all resources of the computing system and convenience of work with it.
a piece of hardware
is a disk copy command
a disk drive
a table of contents for the disk
Pick out the right definition: Programme
device name
error message
devices to perform commands
instructions written in computer language
a place where information is stored
Android is a mobile operating system developed by …
Nokia
Microsoft
Windows
Apple
Simbian is a mobile operating system developed by …
Nokia
Windows
Apple
Microsoft
iOs (originally iPhone OS) is a mobile operating system created and developed by …
Nokia
Microsoft
Windows
Apple Inc.
Android is a mobile operating system developed by Google, based on the …(?) kernel and designed primarily for touch screen mobile devices such as smartphones and tablets.
Yandex
Linux
Windows
iOS
Microsoft
An …(?).. is system software that control computer hardware and software resources and provides common services for computer programs.
Yandex
operating system (OS)
Microsoft
Windows hardware
Internet Explorer
A single-tasking operating system can only run (?) program at a time
Many
4
One
Two
3
OS (abbreviation)
un system
operating system
old system
open system
offen system
If you or your computer makes a mistake when using a device or MS-DOS command, MS-DOS displays an appropriate….
Device names
error message
diskcopy.exe
device errors
Result
Microsoft Windows (or simply Windows) is a system software that makes your ….(or compatible) easy to use
PC
device errors
Result
diskcopy.exe
Device names
What is the file?
segment of the program, which stores some value
hard disk
Several programs
a named collection of data on disk
fragment of a text document
In OS Windows «clipboard» is ...
Writes the selected piece in a file
The special area of memory for temporary storage of information when moving objects
Land of memory on your hard drive
Part of the memory where the operating system
Windows applications Word
The types of operating systems:
Real time
Graphical
Time sharing
Natural Language
Data creating
An open source operating system is used primarily for handheld devices:
Mac OS
Windows 7
IOS
Windows 10
Android
Operating system
None of the above
provides a layered, user-friendly interface
enables the programmer to draw a flowchart
all of the above
links a program with the subroutines it references
Human Computer Interaction is a multidisciplinary field of study focusing on the design of computer technology and in particular, the interaction between humans (the users) and _________________________________.
Application
Engine
ICT
Computer
Machine
Interaction between ______________________________ occurs at the user interface which includes both software and hardware.
usable and safe systems
user and computers
robot
easy to remember how to use
people and machine
The goals of HCI is to produce ______________________________, as well as functional systems.
usable and safety systems
put people first
easy to remember how to use
usable and safe systems
enjoyable to use
HCI should always consider about what ____________________________, what physical abilities and limitations they may have, how their perceptual systems work, and what they find attractive and enjoyable when they use computers.
users aspect and needs
user interaction
put people first
achieve efficient and safe interaction
usable and safe systems
"During this time, HCI was mainly focused on creating systems that were easy-to-learn and easy-to-use. There were endless possibilities for personal computing, but desktop computers were not very usable tools at first."The description above best described the waves from _____________________.
Wave 3: Self-expression, social change (mid 2000s — 2010s)
Wave 1 : Desktops and mental models (1980s - 1990s)
Wave 2: Collaboration (1995s — early 2000s)
Wave 2: Collaboration & communication (1990s — early 1995s)
Wave 4: Millennium era (end of 2010s — 2050s)
Human-computer interaction (HCI) is a relatively new science that includes study, planning and development of interaction between:
humanoids and robots
people and robots
robots and computers
people and animals
people and computers
The main objective of the human-computer interaction (HCI) is:
to study the anatomy of animals
to conduct contact with aliens
to communicate with other people
to understand the user, his motivation and the problem he is solving
to create super-intelligent robots
A user interface in which a person interacts with digital information through the physical environment-
Command Line Interface (CLI)
Tangible user interface (TUI)
Voice User Interface (VUI)
Natural User Interface (NUI)
Brain Computer Interface (BCI)
Two basic categories of network topologies exist, physical topologies and
mesh topology
logical topologies
a physical star
logical ring topology
network topology
A computer is a
technical device for storing information a
output device
technical device for transmitting information a
universal technical device for working with information a
input device
What is a command-line interface?
Is a means of interacting with a computer program where the user issues commands to the program in the form of successive lines of text.
is a user interface that is effectively invisible, and remains invisible as the user continuously learns increasingly complex interactions.
is a perception driven user interface that is currently still being explored.
should be able to combine the concepts of both the GUI
typically text to speech to play a reply
Principles of user interface development
server
objects
Testing for usability of container
software product design
reducing user memory usage;
A type of user interface that features on-screen objects, such as menus and icons, manipulated by a mouse
Menu Driven Interface (MDI)
Graphical User Interface (GUI)
Command Line Interface (CLI)
Natural Language Interface (NLI)
Basic Input Output System (BIOS)
A key aspect for using the interface
Abailability
Compatibility
Availability
Efficiency
Profitability
Type of attacks which begins with mailing the e-mails containing reference to the known resource (or imitating such link)
Social engineering
Scam
Phishing
Spyware
SQL-Injection
The file is
An application program that allows you to work with text
Named data recorded on a data carrier
a software package for a specific task
Recording information in computer memory
A necessary piece of software, without which a computer cannot work
_______ factual information(as measurements or statistics) used as a basis for reasoning, discussion, or calculation.
Data management
Data mining
Bit
Data visualization
Information
The main function of the computer:
Human and machine communication
Program Application
Task development
HCI
Principle of program management
The main element that organize data is:
server
mining
system
objects
administrator
Where and when the first LTE standard network was put into commercial operation?
Sweden, 2009
Japan, 2012
USA, 2008
France, 2009
Denmark, 2012
A relational database consists of a collection of
Road
Tables
column
values
Row
A……is a pictorial depiction of the schema of a database that shows the relations in the database, their attributes ,and primary keys and foreign keys
Relational database
schema diagram
Relational algebra
Shema flow
Database diagram
A……is a property of the entire relation,rather than of the individual tuples in which each tuple is unique
attribute
fields
rows
key
Key
Consider attributes ID, CITY and NAME. Which one of this can be considered as a super key?
NAME,CITY
NAME
CITY
ID
CITY,ID
Database which Is the logical design of the database, and the database-which is a snapshot of the data in the database at a given instant in time:
Records
Keys
Tables
Shema, Instance
fields
What is a collection of data or information called, that is stored in a logical and structured way?
Field
Database
Spreadsheet
Story
Column
One piece of information stored about a thing or person is called a
Spreadsheet
Column
Field
Database
Story
In a Database, what is Data or Information stored in?
Filing cabinet
Table
Garage
Online Server
Storeroom
In a Database, a RECORD is...?
..is the name of the vinyl disk to store music recordings.
..is the single piece of information about a person or item
..is the single identification label given to a person or item.
..is all of the data about one person or item.
..is the diagonal line of data made up from a number of random fields.
Tables can contain many records. Records run in: parallel/ time/ rows?
Filing cabinet
rows
Storeroom
Garage
Online Server
A persons' First name, Last name, Date of Birth (DOB), Height, Eye colour and Address are all types of what?
Tags
Records
Files
Tables
Fields
What should a database always contain?
Tags
A database should always contain a key field.
Tables
Records
Files
Where is data stored?
Fields
Tags
Data is stored in a table.
Files
Records
What is a database in which ALL the data is stored in a single table known as?
Functional
Hierarchical database
Records
Relational database
Network
What is a database accessible by many users on different computers known as?
object-oriented database management system (OODBMS)
relational database management system (RDBMS)
in-memory database (IMDB)
end-user database
a multi-access database.
What is a data capture form specifically designed to collect?
Tags
data.
Tables
Records
Files
A type of software program used to create, maintain, and access databases.
object-oriented database management system (OODBMS
database management system (DBMS)
relational database management system (RDBMS)
in-memory database (IMDB)
a multi-access database.
In a database, a field.
Tags
column
Tables
Records
Files
A single category of data to be stored in a database, such as customer names or employee telephone numbers. Also called a column
Tags
field
Records
data.
Tables
In a database, a record.
Tables
Records
field
data.
row
Data mining is an interdisciplinary subfield of …
statistical graphics
mathematic
infographics
computer science
data visualization
Is a graph that uses a branching method to illustrate every possible outcome of a decision
Data analytics
user interface
decision tree
data mining
black box
Data mining methods establishing relationships among items that occur together:
Forecasting
Association
Visualization
Classificatio
Clustering
Data Visualization is connected with the visualization of …
PC
information, infographics, scientific visualization, exploratory data analysis and statistical graphics.
users
mathematical and scientific research
tablets
Data mining is an interdisciplinary subfield of …
statistical graphics
data visualization
infographics
computer science
mathematic
Data mining is an interdisciplinary subfield of …
statistical graphics
data visualization
infographics
computer science
mathematic
Analyzing data to discover patterns and relationships that are important to decision making
Data mining
BitTorrent
Invest manager
Operating system
Database
A numerical representation of a realistic situation, such as a cash flow model of a business, a question or set of instructions that describes the data
Operating system
Database
Data mining
Decision model
Data analyses
Big data technology has some advantage than relational data base systems
Operates just with structured data
Operates with binary digits
Operates with in structured data
Operates just with unstructured data
Operates with structured data
Methods and analysis techniques applicable to big data, allocated at McKinsey report
Procedure class
Logical class
Binary class
Class Methods Data Mining
Operating system
Data mining technology has some methods.
Business to business approach
Microeconomic view
Atanasov profit model
Regression trees, factor analysis
Middle term equation
Theoretical foundations for Data mining need to know basic concepts of some subjects.
Middle term equation
Business to business approach
Middle term equation
Microeconomic view
Atanasov profit model
Data Mining models that allows you to predict data values by using known results from a different data sample:
descriptive models
physical models
predictive models
statistical models
intelligent models
Data mining is:
a process of analyzing numerical data about economic systems
a process of automatic extraction of textual information from large data banks
a process of automatically converting weakly structured data and obtaining an array of data of optimal structure
a process of automatic extraction of numerical information from large data banks
a process of performing automated extraction and generating predictive information from large data banks
Correct record of the cells' unit in MS Excel:
H5xA13
A1:C5
A3:CE
LN1-AE5
ll:8L
How cell coordinates in MS Excel are called?
Letter
Digit
Number
Cell
Address
MS Excel. The cell which located on intersection 3 lines and 1 column is designated:
3A
A3
B1
AA
C1
What is a workbook?
file in MS Access
file in MS PowerPoint
file in MS Excel
file in MS Outlook
file in MS Word
What is the expansion in the file name for MS Excel?
*. com
*. exe
object for automation of frequently performed
*. xls
*. bmp
What are the shortcut keys for AutoSum?
ALT + +
CTRL + S
ALT + =
ALT + S
CTRL + =
In order to get a registration certificate you need to install some software.
NCALayer program
NSLayer program
ESLayer program
EDSLayer program
HardDiscDriveLayer program
An e-mail address consists these components
User home address followed by an any symbol
The name of a computer that handles e-mail accounts
The numbers of a cell phone that handles e-mail accounts
The name of a region that handles e-mail accounts
User Auto increment followed by an @ symbol
A collection of computers and related devices connected in a way that allows them to share data, hardware, and software:
Touch Screen network
NVidia network
Computer network
Students network
System board network
A set of rules that ensures the orderly and accurate transmission and reception of data
Control of transmission
System board network
Communications protocol
Transmission of information
Accurate transmission
Unique identifying numbers assigned to each computer connected to the Internet.
DNS address
FDDI address
IP address
FTP address
DNS address
A computer that stores and distributes files to remote client computers
ATM server
FTP server
FDDI server
PCI server
IP server
The Internet provider is:
an organization engaged in the creation of web-sites
set of rules which helps to get information from another address
a local administration
a peripheral device that is used to communicate with another computer
the organization provider of Internet services
E-mail messages have a standard format that consists of
message header
e-mail account
e-mail message
e-mail server
e-mail system
A term sometimes used to refer to the interconnection of personal digital devices or consumer electronics within a range of about 30 feet (10 meters) and without the use of wires or cables:
LAN (local area network)
SAN (small area network)
PAN (personal area network)
MAN (middle area network)
GAN (great area network)
A data communications network that connects personal computers within a very limited geographical area—usually a single building. Its use a variety of wired and wireless technologies:
GAN (great area network)
PAN (personal area network)
LAN (local area network)
MAN (middle area network)
SAN (small area network)
Public high-speed network capable of voice and data transmission within a range of about 50 miles (80 km). For example local Internet service providers, small cable television companies, and local telephone companies:
LAN (local area network)
MAN (metropolitan area network)
PAN (personal area network)
MAN (middle area network)
SAN (small area network)
Type of networks covers a large geographical area and usually consists of several smaller networks, which might use different computer platforms and network technologies:
MAN (metropolitan area network)
MAN (middle area network)
WAN (wide area network)
PAN (personal area network)
LAN (local area network)
The number of bits made up the IP address:
24
20
16
32
10
Internet was originally developed as a(n):
Transportation project
Healthcare project
Educational project
Scientific project
Military project
Type of computing provides access to information, applications, communications, and storage over the internet:
Digita
Network
Cloud
Web
Internet
A dorm-room network covers a limited area and is an example of network.
limited
wide
narrow
personal
local
Each connection point on a network is referred to as a network
group
node
virus
computer
protocol
Set standards for encoding and decoding data, guiding data to its destination, and mitigating the effects of noise are communications:
laws
computers
regulations
nodes
protocols
A way to transfer files from one computer to another over any TCP/IP network, such as a LAN or the Internet provides:
Cloud computing
VoIP
FTP (File Transfer Protocol)
Real-time messaging
Grid computing
Is a modem a device?
for storing information and for printing information
to transfer information via telephone communication channels
for printing information
to store information
to process information at a given time
Formalized rules governing the sequence and format of messages exchanged between network components, OSI models lying at the same level, but in different nodes, are called:
Standard.
Protocol stack.
By route.
Protocol.
Interface.
Global computer network means:
LAN, MAN
CAN
MAN
WAN
LAN
The server that controls client file access is called:
Provider
Server
Post
Proxy
File server
The main types of computer networks are networks:
Regional
Social, entertainment, business oriented
Local, global, regional
Local, global
Client, corporate, international
What components of a computer network are required to organize a peer-to-peer local area network?
Server computer, workstations
Workstations
Modem, server computer
Communication lines, network card, network software
Network card, network software
Choose the devices, which purpose is to expand the size of the network in the current environment:
Protocol
TCP/IP Model
Internet Protocol
Modem
Bridge
The purpose of digital signatures,which respect to security on the Internet:
To encrypt messages
To post anonymous messages to bulletin boards
To verify the identity of a messages sender
To encrypt mail messages
To request receipts for all sent messages
Basic topologies network:
Ring, Tree
Tree, Ring
Mesh, Star
Star, Bus
Bus, Ring, Star, Mesh, Mixed topology
Which is the best description of WANs?
Local area networks located within a large building.
Connects local area networks located within a large building.
Combine workstations, terminals and other
devices located within the building.
Used to connect LANs separated by significant geographic distances.
Combine workstations, terminals and other devices
located within the city.
A popular network technology in which network nodes are connected by coaxial cable or twisted-pair wire.
Token Ring
Star-ring
Domain
Ethernet
Ring
