Which type of plant reproductive cell—spore or gamete—is better adapted for dispersing, or spreading, bryophytes and ferns to other places?

What hypothesis about the difference between the shaded and the sunny areas would explain the observed growth of moss?

How do fruits aid in seed dispersal?

During the age of the dinosaurs, the vast majority of land plants were ferns and mosses. Today, the vast majority are seed plants. Provide an explanation for this change based on the basic requirements of plants.

Corn is a monocot. According to the table in Figure 22–3, does a corn seed have one or two seed leaves?

Classify Is the maple leaf in Figure a monocot or a dicot? How do you know?

Based on Figure , how are the vascular bundles in the stem of the corn plant arranged?

Compare and Contrast Which flower in Figure 22–3 is a monocot? How do you know?

Illustrate the life cycle of a bryophyte. Which labelled structures are haploid?

Compare and Contrast How do structures A and B in Figure differ? List at least two differences.

Infer In Figure , which labeled structure is formed by fertilization? What is the name of this structure?

In Figure , what labeled structures are formed by meiosis? Name the structures.

What are structures H and I, and what are their functions?

In an experiment, a scientist puts a plant in a closed system and controls the amount of air the plant gets. The plant gets plenty of light, water, and nutrients. If the scientist does not allow additional air into the system, how do you expect the air to change over time? How will the plant likely be affected?

Describe pollination in gymnosperms.

What is a pollen grain?

Compare xylem and phloem.

Describe the materials that plants take in and release in order to survive.

Cone bearing plants evolved before ___________

Plants evolved _____________before they evolved seeds.

The shift between phases in the plant life cycle is known as ____________

Compare multicellular green algae with land plants. What do similarities between these organisms suggest?

Compare and contrast angiosperms and gymnosperms.

How do animals aid in the reproduction of angiosperms?

Lilies have flower parts in multiples of three and vascular bundles scattered throughout their stems. Corn plants have fibrous roots and leaves with parallel veins. Roses have tap roots and two cotyledons. Would you categorize lilies with corn plants or roses? Explain your answer.

How are the rhizoids of mosses similar to roots? How are they different?

identify which group of plants is most closely related to the ancestor of all plants and which group of plants evolved most recently.

Most seeds can survive extreme heat for long periods because they have a(n)                             .

             include plants whose cells form multicellular groups but lack specialization.

Losing excessive amounts of water through evaporation may affect a plant’s ability to carry out ______

What is the function of a seed coat?

How do gymnosperm seeds differ from angiosperm seeds?

What reproductive adaptations allow conifers to live in dry habitats?

If all you know about a particular plant is that it lives virtually all of its life as a multicellular haploid organism, what can you conclude about the kind of plant it is?

As its name indicates, the barrel cactus is shaped like a barrel and has no leaves. Given the basic needs of plants, explain why this shape is an advantage for a plant that survives where very little water is available.

List the features biologists use to distinguish among the major plant groups.

Give two examples of colonial green algae and briefly describe their structure.

Describe two ways that a lack of lignin limits the height of bryophytes.

In the life cycle of a moss, what environmental conditions are necessary for fertilization?

What is a sporangium?

What are tracheids? What is their function in a vascular plant?

How was the ability to produce lignin significant to the evolution of plants?

Compare the structure and function of rhizomes, rhizoids, and roots.

Describe a fern gametophyte

Moss plants are small, but ferns can grow as tall as small trees. Explain why this is so.

A friend of yours lives in one of the desert areas of New Mexico and wants to grow a garden of bryophytes. What environmental conditions would your friend need to provide the garden for it to be successful?

Volvox is a colonial green alga that shows some cell ___________

Would a type of algae that has only chlorophyll a be considered a plant? Explain your answer.

What evolutionary trend is observable in the relative sizes of the stages in the life cycles of plants, starting with green algae and ending with seed plants?

Identify the important features that separate the five major groups of plants by writing each correct answer on the corresponding line provided.

Describe why biologists now classify green algae as plants.

Describe three characteristics of plants that helped them meet the demands of life on land.

True or false: Most plants are either parasites or saprobes

True or false: Green algae are now considered to be protists.

true or false: Land plants evolved with structures that promote water loss.

Early land plants obtained enough water because they grew close to the ground in __________________places.

The greatest challenge faced by early land plants was obtaining___________

The oldest fossils of land plants are roughly _____________years old.

The gametophytes usually develop in reproductive structures known as ____________ or .___________

Acorns, pine nuts, and beans are examples of .___________

In seed formation, fertilization does not require .____________

The living plant within a seed represents the early developmental stage of the __________________phase of the plant life cycle.

The dominant phase of the life cycle of seed plants is the sporophyte, or spore-producing plant. Like all plants, seed plants produce spores. However, the spores are never released from the body of the sporophyte. The spores remain inside of the cones of gymnosperms and the flowers of angiosperms, where they develop into the male and female gametophytes. In what ways has this change in the plant life cycle been an evolutionary advantage to seed plants as they adapted to life on land?

Could the terms woody and herbaceous be used to describe other types of plants besides angiosperms? Justify your answer.

Dennstaedtia punctilobula is a fern that grows on the forest floor and often crowds out tree seedlings, blocking efforts to regrow trees after logging or other work in a forest. To understand the fern better, scientists measured the number of viable fern spores per square centimeter of soil at various distances from a plot of existing fern plants. They counted spores in the soil in July, as the ferns were just beginning to grow; and in November, after they had released their spores.

Place the data from the table on a line graph showing the number of spores per square centimeter versus their distance from the plot. Use different colors for the before and after dispersal data points

What percentage of the spores after dispersal are found within 4 meters of the parent plants?

Are spore numbers higher before dispersal or after dispersal? Explain.

Would cutting down nearby clusters of ferns prevent ferns from invading patches of the forest that have just been cut for timber? Explain your reasoning on the basis of the data.

Use what you know about the fruits that birds and fruit bats like to complete the table.

Why are birds often attracted to berries?

What sense do you think fruit bats use to find food? Why?

Why are bryophytes unable to grow very tall?

What questions do you still have?